养育子女无疑是一项崇高且光荣的职责，但在光荣的背后也蕴藏着巨大的压力。这导致部分父母在育儿过程中可能会出现疲惫不堪、情感耗竭、教养效能下降、逃避养育责任等情况，即出现养育倦怠。在以往的研究中，学者们从不同角度探讨了影响父母养育倦怠的不同因素，如父母的完美主义倾向、父母教养方式以及父母的情绪智力等。需要注意的是，养育倦怠是养育者所拥有的养育资源与所面临的养育风险长期不平衡的结果，先前的研究多侧重于单一因素对养育倦怠的影响，为了更全面地揭示父母养育倦怠的影响因素，需要从综合视角来审视和分析不同层面的影响因素、寻找关键影响因素。本研究以风险资源平衡理论、家庭系统理论、父母教养行为影响因素加工理论等为基础，通过综合考察父母自身因素、夫妻系统因素以及儿童发展状况等多个层级的因素对父母养育倦怠的影响，为预防和缓解父母养育倦怠提供科学依据。

本研究采用整群抽样的方法，以北京市和海南省13所中学共计2518名初一年级的学生及其父母为研究对象，通过问卷调查采集数据。采用描述性分析、方差分析、结构方程模型、决策树等方法，检验不同层面因素对父母养育倦怠的影响。

研究结论如下：

父亲反思功能、父亲神经质人格和母亲神经质人格对父亲的养育倦怠有显著的正向影响，父亲教育期望、母亲教育期望、母亲反思功能对父亲的养育倦怠有显著的负向影响；父亲神经质人格、母亲神经质人格对母亲的养育倦怠有显著的正向影响，父亲教育期望、母亲教育期望对母亲的养育倦怠有显著的负向影响，父亲反思功能和母亲反思功能对母亲的养育倦怠影响不显著；

父亲感知到的婚姻质量、父亲感知到的共同教养、母亲感知到的婚姻质量对父亲的养育倦怠有显著的负向影响，母亲感知到的共同教养对父亲的养育倦怠影响不显著；父亲感知到的婚姻质量、父亲感知到的共同教养、母亲感知到的婚姻质量对母亲的养育倦怠有显著的负向影响，母亲感知到的共同教养对母亲的养育倦怠影响不显著；

儿童违纪行为、儿童孤独感对父亲的养育倦怠有显著的正向影响，儿童学习成绩对父亲的养育倦怠有显著的负向影响；儿童违纪行为、儿童孤独感对母亲的养育倦怠有显著的正向影响，儿童学习成绩对母亲的养育倦怠有显著的负向影响；

在父亲养育倦怠影响因素的决策树中，影响最大的三个因素分别是母亲养育倦怠、父亲反思功能和父亲感知到的婚姻质量；在母亲养育倦怠影响因素的决策树中，影响最大的三个因素分别是父亲养育倦怠、母亲感知到的婚姻质量和儿童违纪行为；儿童的学习成绩对父母亲的养育倦怠影响都很小，影响大小均不足3%。此外，父亲和母亲养育倦怠的影响因素存在差异。

研究结果有助于从多层级视角去探究父母养育倦怠的影响因素，丰富了养育倦怠研究领域的研究结果。未来研究可以进一步采用纵向追踪方法，更深入地理解养育倦怠的发展轨迹和影响因素的动态变化，以弥补本研究的不足。

Raising children is undoubtedly a noble and honorable duty, but there is also a great deal of pressure behind the glory. This leads to some parents in the process of parenting may appear tired, emotional exhaustion, parenting effectiveness decline, escape from parenting responsibilities and other situations, that is, parenting burnout. In previous studies, scholars have explored different factors affecting parental burnout from different perspectives, such as parents' perfectionism tendency, parenting style and parents' emotional intelligence. It should be noted that parenting burnout is the result of long-term imbalance between parenting resources owned by caregivers and parenting risks faced by caregivers. Previous studies mostly focused on the impact of a single factor on parenting burnout. In order to reveal the influencing factors of parenting burnout more comprehensively, it is necessary to examine and analyze the influencing factors at different levels and find the key influencing factors from a comprehensive perspective. Based on the risk resource balance theory, family system theory, and the processing theory of influencing factors of parental parenting behavior, this study comprehensively examines the influence of multiple levels of factors such as parents' own factors, couple system factors and children's development status on parental parenting burnout, providing scientific basis for preventing and alleviating parental parenting burnout.

In this study, a cluster sampling method was used to collect data from 2518 first grade students and their parents in 13 middle schools in Beijing and Hainan Province. Descriptive analysis, analysis of variance, structural equation model and decision tree were used to examine the influence of different factors on parenting burnout.

The results are as follows:

(1) Father's reflective function, father's neurotic personality and mother's neurotic personality have significant positive effects on father's parenting burnout, and father's educational expectation, mother's educational expectation and mother's reflective function have significant negative effects on father's parenting burnout; The father's neurotic personality and the mother's neurotic personality have a significant positive impact on the mother's parenting burnout, the father's educational expectation and the mother's educational expectation have a significant negative impact on the mother's parenting burnout, and the father's reflective function and the mother's reflective function have no significant impact on the mother's parenting burnout.

(2) Fathers' perceived marital quality, fathers' perceived co-parenting and mothers' perceived marital quality have significant negative effects on fathers' parenting burnout, while mothers' perceived co-parenting has no significant effects on fathers' parenting burnout. Father's perceived marital quality, father's perceived co-parenting and mother's perceived marital quality have significant negative effects on mother's parenting burnout, while mother's perceived co-parenting has no significant impact on mother's parenting burnout.

(3) Children's disciplinary behavior, children's loneliness have a significant positive impact on fathers' parenting burnout, and children's academic performance has a significant negative impact on fathers' parenting burnout; Children's disciplinary behavior, children's loneliness have a significant positive impact on mothers' parenting burnout, and children's academic performance has a significant negative impact on mothers' parenting burnout.

(4) In the decision tree of influencing factors of paternal burnout, the three most influential factors are maternal burnout, paternal reflective function and paternal perceived marital quality; In the decision tree of influencing factors of maternal parenting burnout, the three most influential factors are father parenting burnout, mother's perceived marital quality and children's disciplinary behavior. The influence of children's academic performance on parents' parenting burnout is small, and the influence size is less than 3%. In addition, there are differences in the influencing factors of parenting burnout between fathers and mothers.

The research results are helpful to explore the influencing factors of parenting burnout from a multi-level perspective and enrich the research results in the field of parenting burnout. In order to make up for the shortcomings of this study, the longitudinal tracking method can be further applied to further understand the development trajectory of parenting burnout and the dynamic changes of influencing factors.