社会公正是建设和谐社会的必要条件。进入二十一世纪以来，我国社会的主要问题逐渐由发展转向利益分配，即如何使“社会最大多数人都能享受改革和发展的成果”，在经济实现稳步增长的同时实现社会公正。在近几年国人关注的社会公正问题中，煤炭领域是一个突出的方面。本文在研究影响煤炭利益分配的各种因素的基础上，结合对我国计划经济时期和近几年的产业政策分析，以社会公正理论为指导，就政府如何保障煤炭利益分配中弱势群体的利益提出对策。文章由导论和正文组成。导论首先介绍了选题意义，指出煤炭行业是我国经济建设的主要行业之一，研究煤炭利益分配对于促进政府和社会注重社会公正，实现阶层、人与自然之间和谐发展具有重要意义，接着对本文研究对象和研究内容及研究现状作了阐述。正文内容安排如下：第一章介绍我国煤炭资源赋存状况、管理机构及行业特点。由于煤炭资源本身的特征和我国煤炭资源地域分布状况不同，因此煤炭行业具有技术门槛较低、资本和劳动力投入较大、资本投入持续增长而效益递减、对运输和消费依赖较大、行业集中度低等特点。第二章主要论述煤矿资源利益的内涵和影响因素。煤炭资源属于不可再生资源，是我国能源生产和消费的主要部分，国家在进行煤矿资源开发和规划时必须要注意同代人之间的利益公平分配和隔代人之间的代际公平分配问题。煤炭资源利益的影响因素主要包括煤炭的价值与价格、资源所有权、开发成本、税费、市场供给状况、国家的经济发展政策等因素。第三章介绍社会公正理论及其原则，据此分析在各种因素影响下我国的煤炭资源利益分配状况及存在的主要问题。根据起点公平、机会公平及结果补偿原则，存在的主要问题包括矿业权价款流失、煤炭行业收入过低和矿区农民利益缺乏有效保障三个方面。另外，我国煤炭生产中存在突出的资源浪费和环境破坏问题，严重违背代际公正原则。第四章分析产生上述问题的原因并提出利益分配目标格局及对策。文章认为应该着重处理好中央与地方、企业与社会、当代人与隔代人之间的利益分配关系。具体的操作措施包括整顿中小煤矿，引导形成合理的市场供给体系；推进矿业权改革，加强市场准入限制；消除“所有制歧视”，鼓励社会资本进入煤炭采掘领域；增加对矿工与农民的工资与补偿力度；树立节约资源观念，实现可持续发展等。

Social justice is the prerequisite of building a harmonious society. Entering the 21st century, the main problem of our society is gradually changing into benefit distribution from development, namely how to ensure “the main body of the society can enjoy the results of reform and development”, and to realize social justice as economy is steadily increasing.Of the problems concerned by the public, coal is an outstanding area. Encircling the distribution of coal benefits emerged such problems as few coal-masters illegally making profits, the rights and interests of peasants whose lands were levied failing to be protected, the lives and property of miners being endangered, and ecological environment deteriorating. These problems have been appearing in recent years, related to the fact that our country is in the period of economical transition and the improper policy of mid-1980s. On the base of researching the factors involved in coal benefit distribution, combining with the analysis about planned economy in our country and the industrial policies of recent years, also directed by the theory about social justice, this thesis will provide counter policies on how to guarantee the benefits of marginal groups in distribution of coal benefits.This thesis is made up of a preamble and a text. The purport of selecting such a topic is firstly described, pointing out that coal industry is the main industrial branch, and researching on distribution of coal benefits would greatly contribute to the promotion of social justice, actualizing harmonious development between different castes and between human being and nature. In success, the research object and content of this essay are expatiated. The current research state is shown at the last. Currently, in domain of politics, there have been few researches on coal by applying social justice, thus, from the analysis of policies and statutes, coal industry state and first-hand materials through investigation and reports, this thesis reexamine the impacts government policy has made on coal industry and relevant benefit groups.