丸山真男作为一名政治学家、思想史家，被誉为是日本战后影响力最大的社会科学者。通过研究丸山真男对日本民族主义的分析，我们可以把握日本思想界对于民族主义的思考。丸山真男认为民族主义有文化民族主义和政治民族主义的区别，而近代民族国家的民族意识，也正是指政治上的民族主义。日本要在真正意义上形成统一的民族意识，则必须打败根深蒂固的德川封建制。日本前期民族主义的发展经历了“海防论”、“富国强兵论”和“尊皇攘夷论”三个明显的阶段。丸山真男对于近代民族主义论的研究主要针对明治和昭和两个时期。对于明治时期，丸山真男从对“国家理性”问题的分析出发，认为明治国家的行动也是依照一定的准则来的，一是作为历史个体的国家的存在目的，二是实现其目的的技术，这就是所谓的“国家的理性”。丸山真男认为应在充分考虑国家权力的危险性的前提下讨论国家理性，并主张只有打破华夷秩序的传统意识，才可能真正确立近代的国家理性。对于昭和时期，丸山真男通过与健全的民族主义的理念相对比，对日本的超国家主义进行了一系列的批判。在战后初期的50年代，一度席卷中国大半、东南亚及西南太平洋的大日本帝国，由于战败而立刻萎缩成维新当初的岛国。虽然战败往往可以刺激民族主义的火焰，但日本却有相当长的一段时间沉浸在茫然和萧条之中，曾有的狂热的民族主义情绪消失殆尽，这是由种种原因造成的，丸山真男将其归结为整体性使命感的突然瓦解和民族情绪的分散式蛰伏。

As a political scholar and historian, Maruyama Masao is reputed to be the most influential post-war Japanese political scientist. By studying the analysis in the area of the characteristics of Japanese nationalism of Maruyama Masao, we hope to grasp the thinking of Japanese nationalist came up with by thought circles.Maruyama Masao argued that cultural nationalism and political nationalism are different in the scope of nationalism, which means the consciousness of the modern nation-state always refers to nationalist politics. If Japan has to form a unified national consciousness indeed, firstly, it has to defeat the indestructible Tokugawa feudal system. In modern times, the Japanese ultra-nationalism was especially prominent, the approach of which expressed nationalism becoming extremely explicit. More than that, from the spirit of its internal suppress and external expansion, we can tell the essential difference between Japan and European countries. Thus, there is a real super or extreme characteristics. With the rapid development progress, but there are still social contradictions hidden in Japan’s society. Japanese nationalism has also given up the combination of democratizing. Therefore, the patriotic sense of Japanese disappeared immediately after World War II. Japanese people were still very weak and self-serving, when people from other East Asian countries are involved in the nationalist enthusiasm of national liberation.