伴随着大规模的“打工潮”而出现的农村留守儿童，近年来该群体数量迅速增长，已成为严重制约我国巩固提高义务教育水平，推进义务教育均衡发展瓶颈之一。面对着留守儿童严峻的现实问题，本研究基于“西部地区基础教育发展项目”于 2006年与2008年在西部五省部分农村中小学的两时期面板数据，运用多元回归模型、“倍差模型”和“固定效应模型”分析父母外出打工对留守儿童学习成绩的影响，研究发现：父母外出打工对留守儿童的学习成绩存在 “收入效应”的正影响和 “教养缺失效应”负影响，由于两种相反效应同时作用，使得父母外出打工对留守儿童成绩的影响作用极其复杂。在控制学校、家庭、学生个体层面的相关因素后，父母外出打工时间、打工地区以及不同的监护类型对留守儿童的学习成绩存在差异。父亲外出与留守儿童学习成绩存在正相关关系，母亲外出对留守儿童学习成绩有显著的负影响；但是打工的父母回家后并不会促进子女学习成绩的提高，反而会进一步降低子女的学习成绩，本文从内生性、自选择、养育环境等方面对这一结论进行了解释。

With the large scale of “ The tide of rural workers”Lead to left-behind children population growth, The left-behind children problem has become a severely bottleneck to improve compulsory education and promote compulsory education balanced development. Facing left-behind children severe reality，this study,，based on two periods panel data collected from the project of “basic education development in the western region”in 2006 and 2008 in rural primary school and middle school of western-five provinces, applying“differences in differences model”and “fixed effects model”analysis the effectts of parent's migration on left-behind children's academic achievements, the study found that, controlling the related factors of the school, the family and the individual, father's migration has a positive correlation on left-behind children academic achievements, mother's migration has significantly negative impact on left-behind children academic achievements. But returning home of migrated parents will not promote children learning, on the contrary, it will further reduce children's academic performance. In addition, the impacts of migrating parents have differences on children's mathematics, Chinese. This article explained the results from the endogenous, self-selection, rearing environment and other aspects.