近几十年来，很多研究者一直在研究注意的特性以及其神经机制。其中，有很多研究者基于视觉搜索范式用事件相关电位(ERPs)研究自下而上注意如何对目标刺激和/或干扰刺激进行选择性加工，也有很多研究者基于线索提示范式用功能核磁共振(fMRI)研究自上而下的注意所产生的预期的注意选择调控机制。但是，很少有研究者研究刺激呈现前自上而下注意所产生的预期活动与预期之后刺激呈现时自下而上注意对目标刺激和干扰刺激的注意选择的关系。通过功能近红外(fNIRS)和ERPs两个互不影响且互补技术的联合同步采集，本研究通过研究刺激呈现前自上而下注意引起的表示预期的血氧(主要是含氧血红蛋白（HbO）)浓度的变化和刺激呈现时目标刺激或干扰刺激引起的事件相关电位成分N2pc之间的关系，来探讨预期对目标刺激或干扰刺激的选择加工的影响。本研究结果发现，对目标刺激的预期会引起与目标刺激呈现视野相对的半侧枕顶区大脑HbO活动的增强，同时这种预期HbO活动与目标刺激诱发的N2pc正相关。这说明对目标刺激的预期越强，目标刺激捕获的注意越多。此外，本研究还发现，对干扰刺激的预期会导致与干扰刺激呈现视野相对的半侧枕顶区大脑HbO活动更强且达到峰值时间更晚，且这种预期HbO活动与干扰刺激诱发的N2pc负相关。这说明干扰刺激呈现视野相对的半侧枕顶区大脑HbO的增强活动是对干扰刺激的抑制，且这种抑制越强，干扰刺激捕获的注意越少。总而言之，大脑会将注意分配到突兀的目标刺激上，而阻止注意分配到突兀的干扰刺激上。而这些活动都可以被预期所引起的HbO的活动所预测。

Understanding the properties of attentional control, along with the neural mechanisms subserving them, has long invited intense scrutiny in research groups. However, it has not been demonstrated how the top-down anticipatory hemodynamic activation influences the subsequent attentional processing of targets and distractors. Here, by using concurrent fNIRS–ERP recording, we explored the potential contribution of anticipatory oxygenated hemoglobin (HbO) based brain activity to attentional control by examining how it influences the subsequent ERP N2pc components assumed to reflect attentional selection. The results showed that expecting a target led to a larger increase of preparatory HbO response over the visual cortex contralateral to the upcoming target, which was positively correlated with the subsequent target-evoked N2pc amplitude, whereas anticipation concerning a competing distractor presence resulted in large and prolonged preparatory HbO signals in the visual cortex contralateral to the distractor, suggesting that the salient distractor might be actively suppressed by preparatory top-down attentional control. However, the pre-suppressed distractor still captured part of the attention in the subsequent visual search as revealed by the N2pc decrease, and such a distraction effect on N2pc was negatively correlated with preparatory HbO enhancement contralateral to the anticipated distractor. Together, observers routinely shift attention to the salient target and resist salient non-target distraction, which are both predictable in advance via preparatory HbO brain activity in the visual cortex.