本文以有毒有害气体泄漏事故的应急救援为主线，通过研究应急救援中涉及的气体扩散模拟、泄漏风险分析以及应急救援综合调度等关键技术，辅助石油石化企业开展有毒有害气体泄漏事故的灾害预防与应急救援管理。在针对有毒有害气体应急决策关键技术研究的基础上，本文构建了有毒有害气体泄漏事故应急决策支持系统，使其在GIS平台基础上实现空间数据与属性数据无缝结合，为管理者提供有效的应急决策支持。本文首先针对有毒有害气体扩散模拟的需求，分析了气体泄漏的类型与气体扩散的影响因素，并通过分析与比较不同扩散模型，选择高斯模型定量模拟气体扩散趋势。结合ERG模型定性划分气体泄漏事故对应的隔离区和防护区，并在定量模拟气体扩散浓度分布的基础上，提出将高斯烟羽模型和ERG模型进行耦合应用，为应急决策分析提供更加快速、直观的数据支持。在气体扩散模拟研究的基础上，本文引入信息扩散理论，针对样本容量较小时的气体泄漏类事故，提出了事故概率的算法。同时，本文结合毒气负载的计算方法，采用Probit模型分析了事故发生后人员疏散过程中死亡概率，并使用人员伤亡来定量评估气体泄漏事故的损失。最终结合对硫化氢泄漏的危害、典型事故概率分析、硫化氢泄漏风险区域划分与人员疏散最优路径分析，构建了有毒有害气体泄漏扩散风险评估的方法体系。本文将有毒有害气体泄漏的影响范围作为最优路径分析的约束条件，选用静态启发式的A*道路分析算法，实现无约束与有约束的路径分析。本文综合考虑救援点与避难场所对救援力量的供需差异，利用表上作业法与优化的节约算法进行了综合调度分析，从而形成了约束条件下的有毒有害气体综合调度分析方法。本文依据各项关键技术的研究成果，结合GIS的空间显示与分析技术，设计开发了有毒有害气体泄漏事故应急决策支持系统，实现了有毒有害气体扩散模拟、气体扩散危害风险分析、疏散与救援能力分析以及最优路径分析等一系列应急决策功能，为石油石化行业有毒有害气体泄漏事故应急决策提供了一定的技术保障。

Taking the emergency rescue of toxic and harmful gas leak incidents as the main line, the purpose of the thesis is to aid disaster prevention and emergency rescue of major incident happened in oil and petrochemical enterprises by researching gas dispersion simulation, leakage risk analysis, integrated scheduling in the process of emergency rescue and other key technologies. Based on the research of these key technologies, emergency decision support system on toxic and harmful gas leak has been established, which can realize seamless connection between spatial and attribute data, and provide emergency decision-making to decision-makers.At first, the author analyzed the type of gas leak and influencing factors of gas dispersion, and determined the basic process of gas dispersion simulation according to the demands to simulation of toxic and harmful gas dispersion. By comparing the characteristics of different dispersion models, the author selected Gaussian dispersion model to analyze dispersion simulation on the variation of gas with time quantitatively. Furthermore, the thesis referenced the minimum distance of the corresponding incident isolation and personal protective of different hazardous chemicals provided by Emergency Response Guidebook which is supported by the U.S. Department of Transportation. Gaussian dispersion model and EGR simulation analysis are combined to form delineated spatial distribution of isolation area and protection zone corresponding to gas leak incident, which will provide intuitive data for emergency decision-making. Based on the research of gas dispersion model, the author analyzed the risk probability of gas leak incident by using information diffusion theory, and then determined the probability of gas leak incidents with small sample size. Meanwhile, the Probit model was used to analyze the probability of death in the process of evacuation, and assessed the economic losses caused by casualty information in the incidents. In the paper, the author summarized the hazards of hydrogen sulfide leak, the typical incident probability, regional division about the risk of hydrogen sulfide leak and the optimal route of evacuation using the constraint of minimum cumulative gas load, then a toxic and harmful gas diffusion risk assessment methodology is established and will provide a basis for the prevention and emergency decision-making of such sudden incidents.In the paper, the author took influence radius of toxic and harmful gas leak as the constraint of optimal route analysis and chose one path analysis algorithms of static heuristic which is A* algorithm to achieve path analysis, then the constraint path analysis and the non-constraint path analysis were formed. By considering the differences of rescuers and shelter for emergency supply demands, the author finished integrated schedule analysis of emergency supplies using optimized table analysis and saving algorithm which will form a constraint scheduling analysis of toxic and harmful gas leak. According to the research of the key technologies, an emergency decision support system on toxic and harmful gas leak incidents is established by combination of GIS spatial display and analysis techniques. The emergency decision support system can realize the functions of toxic and harmful gas dispersion simulation, gas hazard risk analysis, evacuation and rescue capability analysis as well as emergency decision of integrated scheduling of emergency rescue, which will provide some guarantee for safe production of petroleum and petrochemical industries.