近年来，我国连续发生多起重金属污染事件，对人民群众的身体健康情况造成严重威胁，引起了社会的广泛关注。就铅污染而言，目前已发生的30起铅污染事件，多数是由于有色金属冶炼和铅蓄电池生产企业废气违规排放以及卫生防护距离内人群未按规定搬迁所致。由于铅低浓度长期积累的特点，在人群的不良反应和临床表现不明显时，血铅是诊断铅接触和铅中毒的主要指标。儿童是铅污染的敏感人群，铅污染会对儿童的神经系统和智力发育产生不可逆转的终身伤害。2011年国务院批复的《重金属污染综合防治规划(2010—2015年)》中明确提出了我国重金属污染防控重点区域和重点行业。在这种背景下，如何对重金属铅污染产生的环境健康风险进行分区与评价是本文研究的重点。首先，在国内外研究的基础上，针对我国相关污染源和人群健康信息相对缺乏的情况，本研究构建了铅污染环境健康风险分区方法，可以分别对污染源信息不明确的大区域和污染源信息明确的小区域进行环境健康风险分区。选择全国31个省份作为大区域研究案例区，利用源的危害性评价和人的易损性评价结果对铅污染环境健康风险进行分区。根据分区结果，河南和浙江是我国铅污染环境健康风险最高的地区，需要进行优先防控（风险占前5%的地区）；湖南和湖北为高风险区（风险占前10%的地区）；广东、甘肃和云南为中风险区（风险占前20%的地区）；安徽、山东、江西、贵州、广西、辽宁、福建和陕西为低风险区（风险占前50%的地区）；我国其他地区为安全区。总体来看，我国中东部地区铅污染环境健康风险高于西部地区。中东部地区铅排放量大，污染严重，人口相对密集是造成铅污染环境健康风险大的主要原因。选择云南省会泽县者海镇典型铅锌冶炼污染区作为小区域研究案例区，利用人与污染源的距离和暴露途径两项指标对当地铅污染环境健康风险进行分区。将卫生防护距离覆盖到的玛色卡、阿依卡村划为高风险区；将大气环境防护距离覆盖到的柳树村、发基村等5个村划为中风险区；将存在土壤铅超标的钢铁村等7个村划为低风险区，其他11个村划为安全区。高、中风险区存在呼吸道、消化道多途径人群铅暴露，低风险区存在消化道单一途径暴露，安全区无人群暴露。其次，本研究考虑了“污染源—暴露—效应”的全过程，构建了由污染物排放模型、环境浓度估算模型、暴露评价模型和血铅预测模型四个子模型组成的环境健康风险评价模型。其中，根据大气铅排放模型的计算结果，我国在1980至2009年近30年间，向大气中排放铅约为30万吨。机动车汽油燃烧是最主要的排放源，占到总排放的70%。从2000年开始，由于无铅汽油的使用，使得机动车汽油燃烧铅排放量骤减，现阶段，燃煤和有色冶金是我国最主要的铅排放源。在全国31个省份，山东、河北、山西、河南和江苏省的排放量位居前列。各地大气铅排放依然呈上升趋势。本研究使用环境健康风险评价模型在全国大区域内进行了儿童个体铅污染环境健康风险评价。对2-7岁儿童平均血铅水平的预测结果显示，3岁儿童的血铅水平最高，3岁之后随着年龄的增长血铅水平递减。人群血铅水平超过100 ug/L的省份是湖北、湖南和广西。儿童血铅水平较高的地区主要分布在我国中南和西南部。在云南省会泽县者海镇和对照区金钟镇，根据当地已经进行的儿童体检结果，随机选择已进行过血铅检测的135名儿童作为调查对象。调查儿童的生活环境，采集儿童每个暴露途径所接触的样品，如土壤、食物、饮用水和灰尘等，获得相关参数，代入到铅污染环境健康风险评价模型，评估当地儿童个体血铅水平。根据评价的结果，从年龄看，者海镇2-14岁各个年龄段儿童的血铅水平平均值均大于100 ug/l，其中14岁儿童的血铅水平最低；从地域看，者海镇8个调查村的儿童平均血铅水平均超过100 ug/l的铅中毒标准，血铅水平最高的为玛色卡村，实测值达到362.2 ug/l，属于中度铅中毒水平，这表明者海镇受到了严重的铅污染影响，儿童受到严重的铅污染环境健康风险威胁。儿童实测血铅水平和预测血铅水平与污染源距离的关系均呈现出距离污染源越远血铅水平越低的趋势。根据者海镇铅污染环境健康风险分区和儿童血铅水平评价的结果，建议在高风险区进行人群搬迁或污染源搬迁，在中风险区加强环保、卫生、水利等相关部门的联合协作，在低风险区通过宣传对人群暴露进行干预，减少重金属暴露量。本文利用环境健康风险分区方法和环境健康风险评价模型，对铅污染产生的区域风险和人群的个体健康水平进行了评价，可以为国家重金属环境管理提供防控政策建议和风险管理手段，为国家行政资源和资金的优化配置提供依据。

In recent years, a series of terrible heavy metals pollution incidents have occurred in China, which threatening human health and causing widespread concern in our society. Take lead (Pb) as the example, the 30 incidents happened in China are mainly caused by the illegal discharge of waste gases from non-ferrous metals smelters and lead battery plants, or the people didn’t move away from the Health Protection Zone. Due to the characteristics of low-concentration and long-term accumulation of lead, blood lead is a useful biomarker to diagnosis lead exposure and lead poisoning when adverse reactions and clinical manifestations were not obvious. Children are sensitive populations to lead contamination, and lead pollution would produce irreversible lifelong damage to children’s nervous system and mental development. In 2011, the State Council approved the "Comprehensive heavy metal pollution prevention planning (2010-2015)" and clearly put forward the prevention and control of heavy metal pollution in key areas and key industries.In this context, the focus of this article is on how to zone the risk of regional lead pollution and on how to evaluate the individual environmental health risks from lead pollution. First of all, based on the researches at home and abroad, and in view of the relative lack of information on pollution sources, in this study we constructed a method to zone the environmental health risks of lead contamination, which can not only practice in large areas without clear information and small areas with clear information of lead pollution.The 31 provinces in our country has been choose to be the large areas as study cases in this study. According to the results of national risk zoning, Henan and Zhejiang are the areas with the highest risks which need prioritize prevention and control (regions accounted for the top 5% of the risks). Hunan and Hubei are the high- risk zones (regions accounted for the top 10 % of the risks). Guangdong, Gansu and Yunnan are the medium-risk zones (regions accounted for the top 20 % of the risks). Anhui, Shandong, Jiangxi, Guizhou, Guangxi, Liaoning, Fujian and Shaanxi are belong to low-risk areas (regions accounted for the top 50 % of the risks). The other provinces in our country are belong to safe areas. Overall, the lead pollution environmental health risks in central and eastern regions are higher than the western regions in China. Large lead emissions, severe pollution and relatively dense population in eastern regions are the main causes of higher lead pollution environmental health risks.In the small area of typical lead and zinc smelting pollution which located in Zhehai Town Huize County Yunnan Province, we use the distance of people from the pollution sources and the different routes of exposure to zone the risks of lead contamination. The village of Ayika and Maseka are belong to the high-risk areas. Liushu Village, Faji Village and other 3 villages are the medium-risk areas. Gang tie village and other 6 villages which soil lead contents exceeded the standard are the low-risk areas, and the rest 11 villages are belong to safe areas. High and medium-risk areas exist respiratory and gastrointestinal lead exposure pathway. Low-risk areas exist gastrointestinal exposure pathway. Safe area exist no population exposure. Second, in accordance with the "source - exposure - effect" research ideas, we constructed an environmental health risk assessment model which composed of four sub-models -- pollutant emissions model, environmental concentration estimation model, exposure assessment model and IEUBK blood lead prediction model. According to the results of lead emission model, China has emitted about 30 tons of lead into the atmosphere in the 30-year period from 1980 to 2009. The combustion of motor vehicles gasoline is the main source of emissions, accounting for 70% of the total emissions. Due to the use of unleaded gasoline, lead emissions from motor vehicles gasoline combustion sharply decreased from the year of 2000. Coal combustion and non-ferrous smelting are the largest two emission sources in recent years. Shandong, Hebei, Shanxi, Henan and Jiangsu province are the regions with largest emissions. Howerer, the lead emissions are still keeping an increasing trend in these regions.In this study, we use the environmental health risk assessment model to estimate the blood lead levels of children in 2 to 7 years old. The results shows that, the highest blood lead level appeared in the children of 3 years old. After 3 years old, the blood lead level is decreased with the increase of age. Hubei, Hunan and Guangxi are the regions which the blood lead level of children excess 100 ug/l. The areas with higher blood lead levels of children are mainly distributed in the south and the southwest of China.In the study case area of Zhehai town, according to the children's physical examination, we selected 135 children randomly from who had blood lead levels detected as a part of the experimental. Then we investigated the living conditions of children and collected the samples of each exposure pathways they had contacted with, such as soil, food, drinking water, dust, etc., in order to get the parameters of model and estimate the blood lead level of children. According to the model results, to analyze form age, the average blood lead levels of all ages from 2-14 years were greater than 100 ug / l, which the lowest blood lead levels showed in the age of 14 years old. To analyze from the geographical, the average blood lead levels of the 8 villages in Zhehai town were all greater than 100 ug / l. The highest blood lead levels is 362.2 ug / l measured in Maseka village, which is the symptoms of moderate levels of lead poisoning. That means the phenomenon of children lead poisoning in Zhehai town is very serious and children are facing serious threats to the health risks of lead pollution from the environment. The measured and predicted children's blood lead levels are both show the trend that the farther away from the source of pollution, the lower the blood lead levels is.Finally, according to the results of zoning and environmental health risk assessment in Zhehai town, this study suggested that the government should relocation the population or the pollution sources in the high-risk areas. The collaboration of the relevant departments such as environmental protection, health, or water conservancy should strengthen in the medium-risk areas. In low-risk areas we should reduce the amount of heavy metal exposure through advocacy. Based on the method of zoning risks and the model of environmental health risk assessment, this study assessed the local lead pollution risks and the individual blood lead levels of national and local population. The researches of this study can propose prevention policy recommendations and risk management system means, and provide the basis for optimal allocation of administrative resources and funds.