父母养育倦怠是父母长期处于养育角色的压力下引发的极度疲惫综合症。社会高速发展，社会竞争日趋激烈，中国父母又秉持“父母之爱子，则为之计深远”的传统养育观念，多方面因素共同导致“鸡娃”、“虎妈”等教育焦虑、内卷现象层出不穷，父母养育压力与日俱增，父母养育倦怠逐渐受到研究者关注。父母养育倦怠不仅会对父母自身和配偶产生消极影响，还会阻碍子女健康成长。此外，青春期被称为个体发展的“疾风骤雨期”，此阶段的青少年可能频繁遇到各种适应问题。父母需要耗费更多的养育资源去应对青春期子女，面临养育需求增加，养育资源挤兑的情况，父母养育倦怠风险更甚。与西方研究相比，中国父母养育倦怠研究起步较晚，尤其是对青春期父母养育倦怠的研究较少，有必要对中国青少年父母养育倦怠展开深入研究。

父母养育倦怠对青少年适应问题有重要影响，而青少年适应问题可能反过来导致父母养育倦怠，但由于缺乏纵向和双向视角的研究，其二者间是否存在相互影响目前仍不清楚。孤独感是个人对自己社交关系感到不满的主观体验，在青春期阶段时有发生，有必要进一步明确父母养育倦怠和青少年孤独感之间的双向关系。考虑到亲子间相互影响在亲子互动过程中传递，亲子沟通可能在双向关系中起了中介作用，亲子互动过程又因父母性别和青少年性别而有所不同。因此，本研究对1057个家庭进行了追踪调查，第一次收集数据时，青少年的年龄为13.55±0.34岁（其中男生年龄为13.56±0.37，47.23%；女生年龄为13.53±0.32，52.77%）。通过构建交叉滞后模型和中介模型，考察父母养育倦怠和青少年孤独感的双向关系与内在机制，并进一步分析父母和青少年性别在其中的作用，为预防和缓解青春期父母养育倦怠、青少年孤独感提供实证支撑。结果表明：

(1)父母养育倦怠在青少年年级、家庭社会经济地位（SES）的主效应上存在显著差异；父母养育倦怠在父母性别和青少年年级在上存在显著的交互作用；父母养育倦怠在青少年性别和青少年年级上存在显著交互作用；没有发现其他显著的主效应和交互效应。对SES的事后分析结果表明，高SES家庭的父母养育倦怠均分显著低于中、低SES家庭的父母，但在中、低SES家庭之间父母养育倦怠均分差异不显著。简单效应分析结果表明，父亲养育倦怠随青少年年级增加显著上升，母亲养育倦怠随青少年年级增加也显著上升，但父亲养育倦怠的上升趋势更明显；男生父母养育倦怠随青少年年级增加显著上升，但女生父母养育倦怠随青少年年级增加没有显著变化。

(2)在男生和女生中，父母养育倦怠和青少年孤独感之间均不存在双向关系，但其两者在不同父母性别和青少年性别中表现出差异化的关系模式。具体来说，在男生中表现为儿子驱动效应，即男生孤独感显著增加父亲养育倦怠和母亲养育倦怠；在女生中则表现为母亲驱动效应，而非父亲驱动效应，即母亲养育倦怠显著增加女生孤独感，父亲养育倦怠对女生孤独感的影响则不显著。

(3)亲子沟通在父母养育倦怠和青少年孤独感双向关系中的中介作用也不完全一致。具体而言，在男生孤独感影响父亲养育倦怠的过程中，父子沟通和母子沟通的中介作用均不显著；而在男生孤独感影响母亲养育倦怠过程中，母子沟通的中介作用显著，没有发现父子沟通的中介作用，其中母子沟通的中介作用占比46.97%；母女沟通在母亲养育倦怠和女生孤独感之间的中介作用显著，而父女沟通在母亲养育倦怠和女生孤独感之间不起中介作用，其中母女沟通的中介作用占比为29.87%。即男生孤独感通过母子沟通进而影响母亲养育倦怠，母亲养育倦怠通过母女沟通进而影响女生孤独感。

本研究通过揭示父母养育倦怠与青少年孤独感之间的双向关系及内在机制，为细致理解父母养育与子女发展状况之间的关系提供实证支撑。本研究呼吁父母和全社会反思养育内卷造成的“两败俱伤”后果，并启示父母在养育过程中应关注父母性别差异和青少年性别差异，重视亲子沟通（特别是母子沟通）的重要作用。

Parental burnout is an extreme exhaustion syndrome caused by prolonged exposure to the pressures of parenting. With rapid societal development and increasing social competition, Chinese parents adhere to the traditional parenting philosophy of “Fu mu zhi ai zi, Ze wei zhi ji shen yuan.” Various factors contribute to the prevalence of educational anxiety and intra-family competition, exemplified by phenomena such as “Ji wa” and “Hu ma”. Consequently, parental stress is escalating, and parental burnout is gaining attention from researchers. Parental burnout not only negatively affects parents and their spouses but also impedes the healthy development of their children. Adolescence, often termed the "storm and stress" period of individual development, presents numerous adjustment challenges for teenagers. Parents need to invest more parenting resources to cope with adolescent children, facing increased parenting demands and resource constraints, thus heightening the risk of parental burnout. Compared to Western research, studies on parental burnout in China are relatively nascent, particularly concerning parents of adolescents, underscoring the necessity for in-depth research on parental burnout among parents of Chinese adolescents.

Parental burnout significantly impacts adolescent adjustment issues, which, in turn, may lead to parental burnout. However, due to the lack of longitudinal and bidirectional studies, the mutual influence between these factors remains unclear. Loneliness, a subjective experience of dissatisfaction with one’s social relationships, frequently occurs during adolescence. It is imperative to clarify the bidirectional relationship between parental burnout and adolescent loneliness. Considering the mutual influence between parents and children in the context of parent-child interactions, parent-child communication may mediate this bidirectional relationship. Furthermore, the parent-child interaction process varies by parent and adolescent gender. Therefore, this study conducted a longitudinal survey of 1,057 families, with adolescents aged 13.55±0.34 years at the first data collection (males aged 13.56±0.37, 47.23%; females aged 13.53±0.32, 52.77%). Using cross-lagged and mediation models, the study examined the bidirectional relationship and underlying mechanisms between parental burnout and adolescent loneliness, further analyzing the role of parent and adolescent gender, and providing empirical support for preventing and alleviating parental burnout and adolescent loneliness during adolescence. The results indicate:

1. There are significant differences in parental burnout concerning adolescents’ grade level and family socioeconomic status (SES); significant interactions exist between parental gender and adolescents’ grade level, and between adolescents’ gender and grade level. No other significant main effects or interactions were found. Post-hoc analysis of SES revealed that parents from high SES families had significantly lower burnout scores compared to those from middle and low SES families, with no significant differences between middle and low SES families. Simple effects analysis showed that fathers’ parental burnout significantly increased with adolescents’ grade level, and mothers’ parental burnout also increased significantly, with a more pronounced trend in fathers. For boys, parental burnout significantly increased with grade level, while for girls, there was no significant change.

2. There is no bidirectional relationship between parental burnout and adolescent loneliness for both boys and girls, but the relationship patterns vary by parent and adolescent gender. Specifically, for boys, there is a son-driven effect where boys’ loneliness significantly increases both father and mother burnout. For girls, there is a mother-driven effect, where mothers’ parental burnout significantly increases girls’ loneliness, but fathers’ parental burnout does not have a significant impact.

3. The mediating role of parent-child communication in the bidirectional relationship between parental burnout and adolescent loneliness is also not uniform. Specifically, in the influence of boys’ loneliness on fathers’ parental burnout, neither father-son nor mother-son communication is significant mediators. In the influence of boys’ loneliness on mothers’ parental burnout, mother-son communication is a significant mediator, accounting for 46.97%, with no mediating effect from father-son communication. Mother-daughter communication significantly mediates the relationship between mothers’ parental burnout and girls’ loneliness, accounting for 29.87%, whereas father-daughter communication does not play a mediating role.

This study, by revealing the bidirectional relationship and internal mechanisms between parental burnout and adolescent loneliness, provides empirical support for a detailed understanding of the relationship between parental burnout and children’s development. The study calls for parents and society to reflect on the mutually detrimental consequences of parenting competition and emphasizes the importance of recognizing gender differences in parenting and adolescent development, highlighting the crucial role of parent-child communication, particularly mother-child communication.