元代的“汉人”概念有其独特之处，在官方的视野中，它首先与南宋旧境的民众——“南人”相对，独立并存。其次，在官方文书中还存在着广义“汉人”与狭义“汉人”的区分。前者是一个复杂的多种族群体，本质上是一种政治上的划分，但这种政治上的划分却似乎又对内部民族的集体认同产生了影响。后者则只是指代原金国统治下的汉民族。本文即试图以元代的“汉人”为中心，从以下三个方面对关涉元代“汉人”一些问题进行研究：

    第一部分集中对元代蒙古语中“汉人”的译名进行研究。在爬梳元代的汉文与非汉文文献的基础上，笔者发现《蒙古秘史》中对“乞塔惕”（Qitad）的大量使用与其在14世纪其他蒙语史料中的缺位有着鲜明的矛盾，而伊斯兰地理概念下“Khitāy”（北部中国）与元代蒙语中的“乞塔惕”又具有着明显的渊源关系。《蒙古秘史》中的“乞塔惕”其实并非是蒙古自生的一个地理概念，而是借自伊斯兰地理概念中的“Khitāy”。在《蒙古秘史》中被用以指代“金国”，也并不带有种族属性。蒙元时期，“札忽惕”一词在相当长的一个时间段里被作为“汉地/汉人”的固定称呼。但元代“乞塔惕”与“札忽惕”的使用有一个此消彼长的过程，至少在《竹温台碑》时期（1338年），“Qitad”便已经取代了“Jauqud”而成为了“汉人”的代名词，并且已被邻近的高丽、畏兀儿等地所接受。

    第二部分主要从元代蒙古语境下的“汉人”概念与元代官方文书入手，分析元代官方视野下的“汉人”与“汉儿”。元代官方视野下的“汉人”确实存在广义与狭义之分。狭义之“汉人”即蒙古语中用以指代中原汉人的“Jauqud”，亦即是元人口中常谓之“汉儿”。广义之“汉人”则是蒙古语中用以指代金人的“Qitad（irgen）”，之后则发展为包括汉人在内且居住于中原的诸有姓契丹、女真、渤海。当时的云南、高丽之民并不总是属于广义的“汉人”。此外，广义“汉人”概念在元代初期的使用频率并不是很高，官方文献中习惯将多个种族并列，而非只是概称汉人、色目。而且，元代官方视野下的广义“汉人”只是一种政治上的划分，而非民族身份的确定。“汉人”与“契丹”、“女直”等族在户籍上有着清楚的区分。

第三部分则试图探讨《南村辍耕录》所载“汉人八种”与元代族群政策之间关系。元代的族群政策本质上是一种“集团主义”，即文化上的“小集团主义”与政治上的“大集团主义”。前者表现为诸种族的“各从本俗”，后者表现为核心与边缘之分的“四圈人制”《辍耕录》所载“汉人八种”其实就是元代族群分类“四圈人制”中第三圈层的具体表现。而“圈层”的划分只是应用在政治层面，以区别出核心集团、次核心集团与边缘集团，更多考虑的是现实统治的需求，而非种族等级的确定。“四圈人制”下，同一圈层内部享受相同的权利。金元鼎革，入居中原与江南的契丹、女真等族在政治上的待遇与汉人无异，昔日因种族身份而被赋予的政治特权也被剥夺。此时，强调个人的民族身份并不会给他们带来实际的利益，契丹、女真等族与汉人之间的种族界限由此日益模糊。明王朝建立之后，旧有的种族户计被破坏，他们的种族身份便再也无法识别，曾经的广义“汉人”也最终成为了狭义的“汉人”。

The concept of "Hanren(汉人)" in the Yuan Dynasty has its own unique features. In the official field of vision, it is firstly opposed to the people who were once ruled by the Southern Song Dynasty—"Nanren（南人）", coexisting independently. Secondly, there is a distinction between "Hanren" in a broad sense and "Hanren" in a narrow sense in official documents. The former is a complex multi-ethnic group, which is essentially a political division, but this political division seems to have an impact on the collective identity of the internal ethnic group. And the latter just refered to the Han ethic group who were once ruled by the Jin Dynasty.This article attempts to focus on the "Hanren" in the Yuan Dynasty, and study some issues related to it from the following three aspects:

   The first part focuses on the study of “Hanren” in mongolian of Yuan Dynasty. On the basis of combing the Chinese and non-Chinese documents of the Yuan Dynasty, the author found that the extensive use of "Qitad" in "The Secret History of Mongols（蒙古秘史）" is in sharp contradiction with its absence in other Mongolian historical materials in the 14th century. And "Khitāy" (Northern China) under the Islamic geographical concept has an obvious relationship with the Mongolian "乞塔惕(Qitad)" in the Yuan Dynasty. The "乞塔惕(Qitad)" in "The Secret History of Mongols" is not actually a geographical concept born by Mongolia, but is borrowed from the "Khitāy" in the Islamic geographical concept. It is used to refer to the "Jin Dynasty" in "The Secret History of Mongols", and it does not have the mean of race. During the  Yuan Dynasties, the term "札忽惕(Jauqud)" was used as the fixed name of "汉地" ,this is said to Northern China,or “Hanren”,for a long period of time. However, the use of "乞塔惕" and "札忽惕" in the Yuan Dynasty had a process of ebb and flow. At least during the period of "竹温台碑" (1338), "Qitad" had replaced "Jauqud". It has become synonymous with "Hanren", and has been accepted by neighboring places such as Korea and Uyghur.

   The second part mainly starts with the concept of "Hanren" in the Mongolian and the official documents of the Yuan Dynasty, and analyzes the "Hanren" and "Haner（汉儿）" under the official vision of the Yuan Dynasty. The "Hanren" under the official vision of the Yuan Dynasty did have a broad sense and a narrow sense. In the narrow sense, "Hanren" or “Haner” refers to the "札忽惕（Jauqud）" used to refer to the Han Ethnic Group in the place of Zhongyuan(中原). In a broad sense, "Hanren" is "Qitad (irgen)",which is used to refer to the people of Jin Dynasty in Mongolian, and later developed into the surnames of Khitan(契丹), Jurchen(女真), and Bohai(渤海), including the Han Ethic Group who living in the Zhongyuan. The people of Yunnan province and Korea at that time did not always belong to the "Hanren" in a broad sense. In addition, the concept of "Hanren" in the broad sense was not used very frequently in the early Yuan Dynasty. It is customary to put multiple races together in official documents instead of just generically referring to Hanren and Semu(色目). Moreover, the broad "Hanren" under the official vision of the Yuan Dynasty is only a political division, not a determination of national identity. "Hanren" and "Khitan", "Nvzhi(女直/女真)" and other ethnic groups have a clear distinction in household registration.

The third part attempts to explore the relationship between the "eight species of Hanren（汉人八种）" contained in "Nancunchuogenglu（南村辍耕录）" and the ethnic policies of the Yuan Dynasty. The ethnic policy of the Yuan Dynasty is essentially a kind of "groupism", that is,  "small groupism" in culture  and  "big groupism" in politics. The former is manifested as the "everyone follows the custom of itself（各从本俗）" , and the latter is manifested as the "four-class circle system（四圈人制）" of the distinction between the core and the periphery.The "eight species of Hanren（汉人八种）" contained in "Nancunchuogenglu（南村辍耕录）" is actually the specific manifestation of the third circle in the "four-class circle system" of the ethnic group classification in government. The division of "circle level" is only applied at the political level to distinguish between core groups, sub-core groups and marginal groups, which has a closeely linked whith the governance rather than the determination of racial hierarchy. Under the "four-class circle system", the same rights are enjoyed within the same circle. In the Yuan Dynasty, the Khitan, Jurchen and other ethnics living in the Zhongyuan and Jiangnan(江南）receives the same political treatment as the Han Ethnic Group, and they are also deprived of the political privileges granted by their ethnic identity in the past. At this time, emphasizing an individual's national identity will not bring them practical benefits, and the racial boundaries between the Khitan, Jurchen and the Han people have become increasingly blurred. After the establishment of the Ming Dynasty, the old racial household accounts were destroyed, and their racial identity could no longer be identified. The "Hanren" of the broad sense eventually become the "Hanren" of the narrow sense.