改革开放四十多年来，我国社会经历着一场从“传统”到“现代”的历史变革。现代性以摧枯拉朽之势突飞猛进，社会结构发生巨大而深刻的变迁，呈现出从“领域合一”向“领域分离”、从“简单同质”向“复杂异质”的转型过程。人的现代化相对滞后是阻滞我国社会转型和现代化事业的一大障碍。在全面建成小康社会的决胜期，加快推进人的现代化进程是一项迫切而重要的任务，而公民公共精神的培育是人的现代化的核心议题。不同于传统意义上的公共精神，公民公共精神作为一种公民德性，是社会成员在与现代国家互动过程中，以公民身份意识为前提，以公共生活为生成场域，基于自我认同和国家认同而形塑的自觉关心共在“他者”生存发展的意识与行为。培育和提升公民公共精神的过程，是实现国家现代性的过程，是实现人的自由全面发展的过程，由此决定了这一过程的系统庞杂性，它关涉国家的经济、政治、社会、法律、教育等诸多领域的现代化转型。

本研究在坚持辩证唯物主义和历史唯物主义的基础上，坚持马克思人学的基本立场，以平衡论作为基本的方法论，在国家的实体性与公民个体的主体性的辩证统一基础上促进公民公共精神的提升。“现实的人”是我们思考如何培育公民公共精神的逻辑起点。平衡论强调主体间性、系统论和整体论。我们应在现代国家建设、国家与公民的互动中培育和发展公民公共精神。公民公共精神的培育需要以社会成员的主体性建构作为价值指向，实现主体性与主体间性、个体利益与公共利益、个体理性与公共理性的均衡。

关于公民公共精神的培育，本研究从理论向度和实践路径两个层面做了阐释。在理论向度层面，本研究认为公民公共精神的培育是生成并强化社会成员的公民身份意识和公共性的过程。公民身份意识只有在自由、平等和公正的价值理念下才能真正生成，表征着“公民与国家共同体之间”、“公民彼此之间”的动态平衡、平等互惠关系。而公共性所彰显的是公民在实践中形成的维护公共利益、关心“他者”的多重复杂关系，是个人利益与公共利益平衡，是“利己”与“利他”的协调，是个性与共性的统一。在实践路径方面，本研究认为应从宏观和微观即国家建设和公民教育两个层面着手。在国家建设层面，需要以国家治理现代化促进公民公共精神的培育。具体来说，要进一步健全社会主义民主政治，提升人的参与意识、主体意识、责任意识；要进一步完善社会主义市场经济体制，以健全的市场机制促进人的发展；要建设社会主义法治，通过法的规范作用，促进公权力与私权利的良性互动，实现法治对于公民公共精神的“呵护”作用；要培育市民社会，增强市民社会的相对独立性和自主性，实现市民社会对于公民公共精神的促进作用；要凝聚价值共识建构价值共同体，发挥社会主义核心价值体系的立信作用，进而达到立德、立行的目的，促进公民价值人格的形成。在公民教育层面，应基于“现实的人”的立场，从“人性”出发，在发现“我”的前提下，实现认同“我们”的目标，着眼于现代主体型人格的塑造，培养个体理性与公共理性相统一的现代公民。

For more than 40 years of reform and opening up， our society has undergone a historical transformation from “traditional” to “modern”. Modernity is advancing by leaps and bounds， and the social structure has undergone tremendous and profound changes，showing a transition process from “domain unity” to “domain separation” and from “simple homogeneity” to “complex heterogeneity”. The relatively lagging of human modernization is a major obstacle to China’s social transformation and modernization. In the decisive period of building a well-off society in an all-round way，accelerating the process of human modernization is an urgent and significant task. While the cultivation of the public spirit of citizens is the core issue of human modernization. Different from the public spirit in the traditional sense，the public spirit of citizens is a kind of civic virtue. It is the prerequisite for social members to interact with a modern state，based on the consciousness of citizenship and public life. Identify and improve the conscious concern for the consciousness and behavior of the survival and development of the “others”. The process of cultivating and enhancing the public spirit of citizens is the process of realizing the modernity of the country and the process of realizing the free and comprehensive development of human beings，which determines the systemic complexity of this process. At the same time，it involves the modernization of the country in many fields including economy， politics，society law，and education.

This paper is under the guideline of dialectical materialism and historical materialism， taking Marxist human thought as the basic statement and Hegel’s legal philosophy of the relationship between the state and citizens as the logic of the citizen’s public spirit cultivation. Balance theory is taken as the basic methodology. “The real person” is the logical starting point for us to think about how to cultivate the public spirit of citizens. The country in the sense of legal philosophy exists as a unity of ethical entity and ethical spirit，which is a unity of “universality” and “specialty”， while citizens are the dialectic unity of the entity of the state and the subjectivity of the individual. We should cultivate and develop the public spirit of citizens in the construction of a modern country and the interaction between the state and citizens. Balance theory emphasizes the intersubjectivity，system theory and holism. Cultivation of the public spirit of citizens needs to take the construction of the subjectivity of social members as the value direction to achieve the balance between subjectivity and inter-subjectivity，individual interests and public interests，individual rationality and public rationality.

Regarding the cultivation of the public spirit of citizens，this study has explained from two aspects: the theoretical dimension and the practical path. At the level of theoretical dimension， this study believes that the cultivation of the public spirit of citizens is the process of generating and strengthening the citizenship awareness and publicity of social members. The consciousness of citizenship can be truly generated only under the values  of freedom， equality and justice. It represents the dynamic balance and equal and mutually beneficial relationship between “citizens” and “the community of nations” and among “citizens”. The publicity manifests the multiple complex relationships formed by citizens in practice to protect public interests and care for “others”，the balance between personal interests and public interests,the coordination of “self-interest” and “altruism”,and the personality and commonality. In terms of the practical path，this study believes that it should start from the macro and micro levels of state building and civic education. In terms of national construction，the modernization of national governance is needed to promote the cultivation of citizens’ public spirit. Specifically，it is necessary to further improve socialist democratic politics and enhance the sense of participation，subjectivity，and responsibility; to further improve the socialist market economic system and promote human development with a sound market mechanism; to build a socialist rule of law，pass the normative role of law in order to promote the benign interaction between public power and private rights， realizing the “caring” effect of the rule of law on the public spirit of citizens; it is advisable to cultivate civil society，enhance the relative independence and autonomy of civil society，and realize the public spirit of civil society towards citizens promotion. It is essential to condense the value consensus and build a value community,give full play to the credibility of the socialist core value system， then achieve the purpose of virtue， and promote the formation of citizen value personality. In terms of civic education，it should be based on the position of “the real person”，starting from “human nature” and on the premise of discovering "me"，so as to realize the goal of identifying “we” and focus on the shaping of modern subjective personality as well as cultivating the modern citizen who has the unity of individual and public reason.