史料笔记作为一类私人史籍，对于理解史学发展具有重要意义。本文以明代史料笔记为研究对象，遴选250余种做系统分析，以此揭示明代史料笔记的特点与价值。全文分上下两编，上编系统勾勒明代史料笔记的整体面貌与基本特征，下编以专题形式分析明代史料笔记的思想价值，并讨论其对于明代史学深入发展的意义。

上编考察了明代史料笔记的基本面貌、撰述与评论的主旨特征，及其主要的学术特点。就基本面貌看，明代史料笔记的发展与社会环境密切关联，嘉靖、万历之际的百余年间是其撰述、刊刻与传播的黄金期。明代前期的史料笔记主要记典章制度而中后期则多载社会生活各方面的内容，这种记载内容风格上的差异便是史料笔记作者与时代发展之间互动的结果。笔记作者凭见闻所得和读书积累撰成史料笔记，大多数史料笔记基本遵循“间断撰述—积累成书”的模式，成书周期往往较长，形式多“杂”“散”。明代史料笔记取材时转抄他人史料笔记，还造成了明代史料笔记发展史上一种特别的笔记积累现象。就撰、评主旨看，明代史料笔记的撰者多具有明确的“史职”观念，故史料笔记撰述更加突出了史学“求真”“志实”的要求，旨趣表达愈强调史学“致用”的功能，特别是以载“当代事”而有益于“治道”。明人对史料笔记的评论，则多以对待史学和史著的思维与标准来衡量之，所评既包括史料笔记的内容、价值、功用、性质，也包括史料笔记作者。明代史料笔记撰、评的特征表明，明人是把史料笔记作为一种特别的“史著”形式来看待。就主要学术特点看，明代史料笔记的撰述有鲜明的时代特点与地域特点，内容记载丰富且有凸出的社会性，对一些问题的关注有明确的持续性，笔记撰者还具有普遍的本朝优越心态。在这些特点中，时代与地域特点是明代史料笔记最基本的特征，其他则具有次生性，即因明代社会发展使不同时代、不同地域的史料笔记作者对相关问题的关注和评论有所改变，而明代中期以后社会变化剧烈，故史料笔记在内容记载之丰富性、社会性及问题关注之持续性上也表现得更加明显。明代史料笔记之问题关注的持续性体现着明人敏锐的历史感，而撰者普遍的本朝优越心态则与明代士大夫精神有关联。

下编讨论了明代史料笔记中的“风俗”记载及其历史思想、“心术”评论及其史学思想，以及明代史料笔记对理解明代史学发展的意义。就“风俗”记载与历史思想看，明代史料笔记对“风俗”的记载与评论有明确的时代特点和重要的理论价值。笔记作者通过短时段的视角考察明代社会“风俗”演变，并把普通市民的日常生活作为“风俗”观照的重要对象，这不仅使对“风俗”的考察具备了认识历史运动之方法论的特征，也呈现了明代历史发展进程的阶段性与丰富面貌。明代史料笔记作者考察当代“风俗”演变，既关注历史运动的必然方向，也重视如何改变时下的“鄙风”“弊俗”，因此还体现出鲜明的政治意向。就“心术”评论与史学思想看，从明代史料笔记对“心术”的评论，能勾勒出明代史学之史家素养论提升的逻辑层次：首先，明初的史学活动因政治环境对“公”“心”的强调，使“公”“心”成为被史家所重视的学术用语；其次，明中期以来对“信史”失位的反思，又使“心术”问题成为被大多数史家所乐于讨论的公共话题；再次，在“公论”“公议”的基本涵义下，明代士人将史家主体责任即“心术”从要求对“当世”的观照引向对“万世”“后世”的陈说；最后，明代士人把“心术”论用于具体的史学批评实践。这四者构成了明代史家素养论之理论提升的基本层次。就史料笔记对理解明代史学发展看，明代私人撰史在史料笔记撰述和系统史著撰述之间呈现着一种关于史学发展的重层结构。在明代，史料笔记撰述不仅是系统史著撰述积累材料的方式，而且也往往扮演着一种治学门径的角色，因此明代史料笔记的大量撰述促进了明代史学理论的提升，其中有关史籍、史家以及对各种史学活动的评论，在扩大明代史学批评主题的同时，还展现了明代士人的史学意识，推动了明代史学思想发展的深入。可以说，明代史家史料笔记观念的变化，是明代史学发展深化的一个重要注脚。

总之，明代史学中没有出现多少光芒四射的巨星，但从史料笔记撰述的普遍性及其学术价值来看，明代史学却像夏夜的天空，布满了点点“繁星”。史料笔记无疑是明代学人留下的重要学术遗产，对认识明代的社会和史学发展，及史学与社会的关系，提供了丰富的史料，具有重要的学术价值。

As a kind of historical book, historical notes are of great value for understanding the development of historiography. Taking historical notes of Ming Dynasty as the research object, this paper selects more than 250 kinds of historical notes for systematic analysis, in order to reveal the characteristics and value of historical notes of Ming Dynasty. The full text is divided into two parts: the first part is an overall study, which systematically combs the overall appearance and basic characteristics of historical notes in the Ming Dynasty; The next part is a special study, which analyzes the ideological problems of historical notes in Ming Dynasty, and shows its significance for understanding the further development of Ming Dynasty historiography.

The first part discusses the basic features of Ming Dynasty historical notes, the main features of writing and commenting, and the main academic characteristics. As far as the basic features are concerned, the development of historical notes in the Ming Dynasty is closely related to the social environment, and the hundred years of Jiajing（嘉靖）and Wanli（万历）are the golden period for the writing, engraving and dissemination of historical notes. the historical notes in the early Ming Dynasty mainly recorded the system of laws and regulations, while those in the middle and later periods mainly recorded social life, which is the result of the interaction between the historical notes writers and the development of The Times. Historical notes are compiled by the authors based on what they have seen and learned and accumulated by reading books, so most of the historical notes basically follow the mode of “intermittent writing - accumulation into books”, and the book formation cycle is often long, and the forms are more “messy” and “scattered”. The historical notes of Ming Dynasty were copied from other works, resulting in a special phenomenon of “layering” in the history of historical notes of Ming Dynasty. As far as the main features of writing and commenting are concerned, the writers of historical notes in the Ming Dynasty have a clear concept of “historical duty”（史职）, the writing of historical notes highlights the requirements of “seeking truth”（求真） and “seeking reality”（志实）, and the expression of purpositions increasingly emphasizes the “practical function”（致用）of historiography, especially the “Governing method”（治道） by containing contemporary events. The commentary on historical notes in Ming Dynasty is mostly based on the thinking and standard of historiography, including the content, value, function and nature of historical notes. The characteristics of writing and evaluating historical notes in Ming Dynasty show that people in Ming Dynasty regard historical notes as a special form of “historical works”（史著）. As far as academic characteristics are concerned, the historical notes of Ming Dynasty have distinct epochal and regional characteristics, outstanding richness and variety, and the records have a certain continuity, while the note-writers have a general superior attitude of the dynasty, among which epochal and regional characteristics are the most basic characteristics, and other academic characteristics are secondary. The epochal and regional characteristics of historical notes in Ming Dynasty are closely related to the social development in Ming Dynasty, that is, the social problems constantly evolve due to the social development in Ming Dynasty, and the records and comments of historical notes writers on relevant issues change accordingly. The continuity of historical notes in Ming Dynasty reflects the keen sense of history of Ming people, and the writer's general superior mentality is related to the literati spirit of Ming Dynasty.

    The second part focusing on the Ming Dynasty historical notes in the “custom”（风俗） record and its historical thoughts value, “Xin shu”（心术） comment and its historiographical thoughts value, as well as the Ming Dynasty historical notes to understand the value of the in-depth development of historiography. As far as the “custom” record reveals the historical thoughts of the Ming Dynasty historical notes, The records and comments on “customs” in historical notes of the Ming Dynasty have their own characteristics of The Times and logic of discussion. The evolution of social “customs” in the Ming Dynasty is investigated from the perspective of a short period of time, and the life of ordinary citizens is regarded as the content of “customs” records. This not only makes the investigation of “customs” have the methodological characteristics of understanding the historical movement. It also shows the stage and richness of the historical development process of the Ming Dynasty. The author of historical notes in Ming Dynasty examines the evolution of contemporary “customs”, not only pays attention to the inevitable direction of historical movement, but also pays attention to how to change the current “vulgar customs”（鄙风、弊俗）, so it reflects a clear political intention. As far as the “Xin shu” commentary reveals the historiographical thoughts of the Ming Dynasty historical notes, On the whole, there is a clear logical clue to the theory promotion of “Xin shu” in Ming Dynasty historiography: Firstly, the political discourse emphasized “Equity”（公）and “Xin”（心） in the historiography activities in the early Ming Dynasty, so that “gong” and “xin” became the academic terms valued by historians. The second is the academic reflection on the loss of “Xin shi”（信史）, which makes the “Xin shu” of historians' subjectivity almost a public topic that most historians are willing to discuss. Thirdly, under the basic meaning of “Public opinion”（公论） and “Public discussion”（公议）, the vision of the function of historiography is changed from asking for the care of the “Present world”（当世） to the theory of “Eternity”（万世） and “Later world”（后世）.Finally, the historians of Ming Dynasty applied the theory of “Xin shu” to the specific practice of historical criticism. As for the historical notes for understanding the in-depth development of Ming Dynasty historiography, Private historical writing in Ming Dynasty presents a dual structure about the development of historiography between historical notes and systematic historical writing. Historical notes writing not only accumulates materials for systematic historical writing, but also plays a role as a way to study. Historical notes writing in Ming Dynasty promoted the condensing of historical theories, including comments on historical books, historians and various historical activities. It enriches the theme of Ming Dynasty historiography criticism, shows the historical consciousness of Ming Dynasty historians, and promotes the development of Ming Dynasty historiography thought. It can be said that the change of historical notes of historians in Ming Dynasty is an important footnote for the development of Ming Dynasty historiography.

In short, there are not many shining stars in the history of the Ming Dynasty, but from the point of view of the universality of the historical notes and the historical value, the history of the Ming Dynasty is like the sky on a summer night, full of “stars”. Therefore, historical notes are undoubtedly an important academic legacy left by Ming scholars, and they provide a wealth of available historical materials for understanding the social and historiography development of Ming Dynasty, which is of great value.