近海生态系统是由复杂的生物群落和环境要素组成的生命支持系统，是最具有生产力的生态系统之一。近年来，受到人类活动和气候变化等多重胁迫，黄渤海近海典型生物资源及生态环境发生一系列变化。揭示黄渤海近海生态系统典型环境、生物及生态要素时空变化趋势，识别多重胁迫下的关键影响因子，为进一步落实生态环境保护策略和技术的重要基础。
本研究以渤海及北黄海近海区域为研究区，分析了近40年来黄渤海近海生态环境及典型生物资源年际变化特征，揭示了典型渔业生物资源变化的关键驱动因素和路径强度，辨析了生物多样性变化的主要影响因素；建立了诊断黄渤海近海环境和生态健康状态的评价模型，分析了近20年黄渤海近海生态退化程度及主要环境问题，进一步基于调查数据验证了黄渤海近海生态环境要素空间差异特征和关键问题；利用文献计量方法，在探究近海生态修复技术领域的研究现状、趋势和研究领域热点基础上，结合黄渤海生态环境变化特征和胁迫因子，探讨了黄渤海近海典型区域生态修复重点。主要结论如下：
（1）近40年来，渤海近海水环境质量提升显著，黄渤海各项海水污染物超标率大幅降低；2007年后，渤海生物多样性指标逐渐上升，北黄海生物多样性指标无明显变化趋势；典型渔业资源匮乏问题凸显，1998年为捕捞活动和渔业资源的转折点，此后产量持续下降；海水养殖活动持续扩增，20世纪80年代以来，海水养殖产量增长迅速，渤海的增长尤为迅速。
（2）渤海渔业资源和生物多样性变化的主要驱动因素为海洋捕捞、海水养殖、海水污染物中的化学需氧量和无机氮污染、海洋保护区建设；黄海渔业资源和生物多样性变化的主要驱动因素为海水养殖、海水养殖、海水污染物中的石油类污染。
（3）黄渤海近海生态环境资源质量综合评价结果显示，渤海整体生态环境状态在2002-2018年间下降后波动上升，整体呈现从中质量向较高质量迈进趋势，污染压力得到较好控制，渔业压力有所减缓。北黄海整体生态系统质量在2010-2017年间持续波动，污染压力持续增长，无机氮污染依然严重，海洋生物资源量持续降低。
（4）2011-2017年渤海三海湾的评价结果显示，莱州湾的生态评价得分为较高质量状态，生物多样性水平较高，但同时存在着清洁水质比例较低，风暴潮灾害影响较大，河流排污入海量较大，海水无机氮浓度逐年攀升，氮磷比持续升高等问题。渤海湾的生态评价得分为介于中质量和较高质量之间，清洁水质比例较低，受风暴潮和赤潮灾害影响较多。辽东湾的生态评价得分为中质量状态，水质条件较好，但存在底栖生物多样性持续降低问题。
（5）对于黄渤海生态修复而言，从捕捞以及海水污染的双重胁迫出发，有必要实施陆海协调发展。海洋环境标准应更加严格，以规范陆地污染排放方式，并控制污染排放总量；在坚持增殖放流的基础上，加强建设人工鱼礁、设计科学的增殖放流规划、更严格的捕捞配额制度以及后期的监测尤其重要。对于莱州湾海域，需要加强黄河等陆源入海污染排放和海水水质的修复，控制海水无机氮污染；对于渤海湾海域，需要加强海岸带修复，治理海水富营养化；对于辽东湾海域，需要加强人工鱼礁和海洋牧场建设，扩大海洋保护区规模；对于北黄海，应加强海水富营养化治理以控制赤潮及绿潮，加强海洋保护区建设，严格控制捕捞和养殖活动。

Coastal ecosystem is one of the most productive ecosystem and a life support system composed of complex biological communities and environmental elements. In recent years, multiple pressures from human activities and climate changes have taken place in the typical biological resources and ecological environment in the coastal areas of the Yellow Sea and Bohai Sea.This study revealed the spatiotemporal variation trends of typical environments, organisms and ecological elements in coastal ecosystemsand identified key influencing factors under multiple stresses of the Yellow Sea and Bohai Sea.It can be used as the basis for further implementation of ecological environmental protection strategies and technologies.
This study takes the Bohai Sea and the North Yellow Sea offshore area as the research area.The change characteristics of ecological environment and typical biological resources in the coastal areas of the Yellow Sea and Bohai Sea in recent 40 years were analyzed.The key driving factors and path intensity of typical fishery biological resources change were revealed.The main influencing factors of biodiversity change were analyzed.An evaluation model for the diagnosis of environmental and ecological health in the coastal areas of the Yellow Sea and Bohai Sea was established.This paper analyzes the degree of ecological degradation and the main environmental problems in the coastal areas of the Yellow Sea and Bohai Sea.Based on the survey data, the spatial differences and key issues of ecological environment elements in the coastal areas of the Yellow Sea and Bohai Sea are further verified.By using the method of bibliometrics, the research status, trends and hot spots in the field of coastal ecological restoration technology were explored.Combined with the characteristics of ecological environment change and stress factors in the Yellow Sea and Bohai Sea, the emphasis of ecological restoration in typical coastal areas of the Yellow Sea and Bohai Sea was discussed.The main conclusions are as follows:
(1)In the past 40 years, the environmental quality of the Bohai Sea has improved remarkably.The over-standard rate of pollutants in the waters of the Yellow Sea and Bohai Sea has been significantly reduced.After 2007, the biodiversity indices in the Bohai Sea gradually increased, while the biodiversity indices in the North Yellow Sea showed no obvious trend.Typical lack of fishery resources is prominent.1998 was the turning point of fishing activities and fishery resources, since then the production continued to decline.Mariculture activities continue to expand.Since the 1980s, the production of mariculture has increased rapidly, especially in the Bohai Sea.
 (2) The main driving factors of Bohai sea fishery resources and biodiversity is are Marine fishing, aquaculture, chemical oxygen demand (COD) and inorganic nitrogen pollution of sea water. The main driving factors of Yellow sea fishery resources and biodiversity are mariculture, mariculture, petroleum pollution in the sea water. 
(3) The comprehensive evaluation results of ecological environment and resources quality in the coastal areas of the Yellow Sea and Bohai Sea are shown.From 2002 to 2018, the overall ecological environment status of the Bohai Sea fluctuated and increased after the decline, showing a trend of moving from medium quality to higher quality.Pollution pressure has been well controlled, and fishing pressure has slowed down to some extent.The overall ecosystem quality of the North Yellow Sea continued to fluctuate from 2010 to 2017. Pollution pressure continued to increase, fishing pressure continued to rise, water quality problems were not fundamentally improved, inorganic nitrogen pollution was still serious, and biological resources continued to depletion. 
(4) The evaluation results of the three Gulf of Bohai during 2011-2017 show that.The ecological evaluation score of Laizhou Bay is high quality.The proportion of clean water in Laizhou Bay is low.Laizhou Bay was greatly affected by storm surge disaster.The river discharge into Laizhou Bay is large, and the concentration of inorganic nitrogen in seawater increases year by year.The N/P ratio in Laizhou Bay continues to increase.The level of biodiversity in Laizhou Bay is high.The ecological evaluation score of Bohai Bay is between medium quality and high quality.The proportion of clean water in Bohai Bay is low and it is affected by storm surge and red tide.The ecological evaluation score of Liaodong Bay is medium quality state.The water quality condition in Liaodong Bay is good, and benthic biodiversity continues to decrease. 
(5) For the ecological restoration of the Yellow Sea and Bohai Sea, it is necessary to carry out the coordinated development of land and sea from the dual stress of fishing and sea pollution.Marine environmental standards should be tightened to regulate the way pollution is discharged on land and to control the total amount of pollution discharged.On the basis of insisting on multiplication and release, it is particularly important to strengthen the construction of artificial reefs, design scientific multiplication and release plans, stricter fishing quota system and later monitoring.For Laizhou Bay, it is necessary to strengthen the discharge of pollution from land-based sources such as the Yellow River and the restoration of seawater quality to control the inorganic nitrogen pollution in seawater.For Bohai Bay, it is necessary to strengthen the restoration of coastal zone and control the eutrophication of seawater.In the Liaodong Bay, the construction of artificial reef and Marine pasture should be strengthened, and the scale of Marine protection area should be expanded.For the North Yellow Sea, it is necessary to strengthen the management of seawater eutrophication to control red tide and green tide, strengthen the construction of Marine protection areas, and strictly control fishing and aquaculture activities.