当今，民生问题得到党和国家的高度重视，农村土地制度改革更是学术研究的热点话题。土地是民生之本和国家治理之基，土地制度的设立与变革关乎民生福祉，决定王朝兴衰。从民生治理的视角入手，剖析明朝土地制度的演化规律，有助于反思民生状况与土地制度改革的内在关系，为完善土地制度和提升民生治理水平提供思考。为此，本研究基于民生治理的视角，以明朝土地制度演化为研究对象，采用文献研究法和历史分析法，系统梳理明朝仁政安民、养民富民和康泽济民的民生治理思想，关注加强人身控制、调整身份地位和整合赋役制度等民生治理措施，着重剖析了土地制度影响民生实态、民生状况推动土地制度演化的互动关系，得出了“以民生为本”的土地制度改革逻辑。

明朝初年，民生凋敝、百废待兴，执政者在仁政安民、养民富民和康泽济民等民生治理思想指导下推出两田制、屯田制、地籍制和租佃制，完善了编户齐民的基层治理制度，提高了底层人民的身份地位，小农经济得到恢复发展。好景不长，沉重的赋役佥派加之吏治腐败加剧民生负担，缙绅地主侵占和小农户主动投献土地交织进行，小农群体最终陷入“逋欠赋税”与“逃亡他乡”的恶性循环，民生状况日渐困苦。失地少地农民推动了租佃制度进一步发展，押租制、永佃制等租佃形式继续推广，封建土地形成“田底权”和“田面权”相分离的地权结构，为失地少地农民提供了耕种权利，却难以实现农业经济长远发展。明朝中后期，土地兼并状况愈发严重，民生状况受到严重影响，封建王朝相继推出均田、均赋改革，并采取“一条鞭法”改革实现了赋役“计亩征银”，承认了官田的私有化结果，短暂缓解了民生困苦。然而，积弊日久的吏治腐败和财政危机未能彻底扭转，边患侵扰加之流民迭起最终导致土地制度崩溃和王朝倾覆。

田制兴则百姓安，土地制度创新能够增进民生福祉；民生恶化倒逼土地制度改革，若不能及时回应则会引发政权动荡。当今时代，新型工业化、信息化和城镇化快速发展，农村土地资源闲置和城镇土地利用紧张的现象并存，谁来种地问题、城乡融合发展和实施乡村振兴战略等成为时代命题。在新的形势下，农村土地制度改革成为推动经济社会发展的重要动力，更是优化民生治理的关键举措。以史为鉴，开展农村土地制度改革应切实保障农民参与，不断完善治理格局，实现优化民生治理效能；应切实维护农民的土地财产权利，通过制度创新盘活闲置土地资源。在农村改革发展中，应始终坚持“以民生为本”的土地制度改革逻辑，尊重人民选择，维护农民利益，以增进民生福祉和服务保障民生幸福。

Nowadays, people's livelihood issues are highly valued by the Party and the state, and rural land system reform is a hot topic of academic research. Land is the foundation of people's livelihoods and national governance, and the establishment and transformation of the land system are related to people's well-being and determine the rise and fall of dynasties. Starting from the perspective of people's livelihood governance, analyzing the evolution law of the land system in the Ming Dynasty helps to reflect on the internal relationship between people's livelihood and land system reform, and provides thinking for improving the land system and enhancing the level of people's livelihood governance. Therefore, based on the perspective of people's livelihood governance, this study takes the evolution of the land system in the Ming Dynasty as the research object, adopts the literature research method and historical analysis method to systematically sort out the people's livelihood governance ideas of the Ming Dynasty, which were benevolent governance to the people, nourishing and enriching the people, and promoting the well-being of the people, and focuses on the people's livelihood governance measures such as strengthening personal control, adjusting status and integrating the service system. This paper emphatically analyzes the interaction between land system affecting people's livelihood and people's livelihood promoting the evolution of land system, and obtains the logic of land system reform based on people's livelihood.

In the early years of the Ming Dynasty, the people were in a state of decline and there was a need for prosperity. Under the guidance of the principles of benevolent governance, nurturing and enriching the people, and promoting the welfare of the people, the rulers introduced the two-field system, the land reclamation system, the cadastral system, and the tenancy system. This improved the grassroots governance system of household registration, raised the status of the grassroots people, and restored the development of the small-scale agricultural economy. The good times did not last long, and the heavy distribution of taxes and government corruption exacerbated the burden on people's livelihoods. The occupation of land by gentry landlords and the active donation of land by small farmers intertwined, and the small farmer group ultimately fell into a vicious cycle of "owing taxes" and "fleeing to other places", resulting in increasingly difficult livelihood conditions. Farmers with lost land and limited land have promoted the further development of the tenancy system, and forms of tenancy such as mortgage and permanent tenancy have continued to be promoted. Feudal land has formed a land ownership structure that separates "land bottom rights" and "land surface rights", providing farmers with farming rights, but it is difficult to achieve long-term agricultural economic development. In the mid to late Ming Dynasty, the situation of land annexation became increasingly severe, and the people's livelihood was severely affected. The feudal dynasty successively introduced the reform of equal land and equal taxation, and adopted the "one whip method" reform to achieve the "counting of acres and collecting silver" for taxation, recognizing the privatization of official land and temporarily alleviating the hardships of the people. However, the long-standing bureaucratic corruption and financial crisis were not completely reversed, and border invasions and the rise of refugees ultimately led to the collapse of the land system and the downfall of the dynasty.

The prosperity of farmland brings peace to the people, and innovation in land systems can enhance people's well-being; The deterioration of people's livelihoods is forcing the reform of the land system, and if not responded to in a timely manner, it will trigger political instability. In today's era, with the rapid development of new industrialization, informatization, and urbanization, the phenomenon of idle rural land resources and tense urban land use coexist. The issue of who will cultivate land, the integration of urban and rural development, and the implementation of rural revitalization strategies have become the themes of the times. In the new situation, rural land system reform has become an important driving force for promoting economic and social development, and is also a key measure to optimize people's livelihood governance. Taking history as a mirror, carrying out rural land system reform should effectively ensure the participation of farmers, continuously improve the governance structure, and achieve the optimization of people's livelihood governance efficiency; We should effectively safeguard the land property rights of farmers and revitalize idle land resources through institutional innovation. In rural reform and development, we should always adhere to the logic of land system reform that is "people-oriented", respect the choices of the people, safeguard the interests of farmers, and enhance people's well-being and provide services to ensure people's happiness.