1935至1937年，开明书店出版了夏丏尊与叶圣陶合编的初中语文教材《国文百八课》。本文即以该教材为主要研究对象（兼及语文教材的历史演变），考察该教材的编排方法和内部结构，把握该教材背后整体的形式系统。在此基础上，通过与同时期前后的几种语文教材的对比，分析夏、叶对于国文教育的思考，透视教材背后所呈现出的大众化、民主化、平民化的立人取向。 具体而言，全文从以下几部分展开论述：绪论部分，综述了关于《国文百八课》的研究概况，提出了从教材本身的特色和教材编排思路中所内蕴的夏、叶二人的文教思想以及此书在编辑旨趣上所体现出的人文诉求进行更为深入细致的把握和理解的必要性。 第一部分“民国时期国文教材的传统与新变”将《国文百八课》与同时期的国文教材进行比较，细致地梳理《国文百八课》的教材外观。第二部分详细探讨《国文百八课》内在的形式系统,由此一步步推出夏、叶二人在国文学习中通过形式来开启学生国文学习的文心，由语言文字上的训练为的是给学生提供一个更为广阔的舞台。　　第三部分围绕着夏、叶二人在《国文百八课》中所体现出的大众化、民主化的思想取向，评析这种思想取向的意义及影响。 本文认为，《国文百八课》中形式概念的背后实际旨在培养学生能够正确运用国语国文、使学生不满足于泛泛的文章浏览而会自觉的去揣摩作者是如何立意，如何谋篇布局，如何遣词造句等等对于学生今后的人生有无穷的益处，使青年一代对于自我有着更正确的认识，逐步形成一个有深度的自我。夏、叶二人在国文教材上的探索，走出了一条至今仍然值得当代有志于语文教育的志士深思的独特道路。

This thesis mainly studies the main purpose of Chinese education in the period of the Republic of China, which is the cultivation of human resource’s skills and moral standards. By studying the school textbook written jointly by Xia Mianzun and Ye Shengtao called 108 Chinese Lessons in the 1930s, we can see how the education can achieve that purpose. The study will start from the formal concept and then analyze the textbook to find how the concept of the form and local resources are integrated and presented in textbooks during the editing process, then compare this textbook with other textbooks in the same period, trying to conclude Xia and Ye's ideas, which are creating the popularized, democratized and civilized education system.　　　This thesis will be divided into several parts: 　　　The introduction part, summarizing researches on the 108 Chinese Lessons and proposing the necessity of studying this textbook as a tool to achieve Xia and Ye’s Chinese education thoughts and their humanity thoughts. Under the title of “the tradition and the changes of Chinese textbooks in the period of the Republic of China”, this part also compares 108 Chinese Lessons with other textbooks, by which the change of Chinese textbooks from traditional analogical textbooks to modern mixed arranged textbooks can be clearly defined while the nature of Chinese course can also be qualified.　　　The second part will discuss the form system of the 108 Chinese Lessons. This textbook concentrates on articles’ forms. The third part mainly talks about the thoughts of popularization and democratization in the 108 Chinese Lessons and their value and effects.　　　Through their textbook, by relying on the form, they want to cultivate students’ ability to use Chinese correctly and help them learn how to understand one article’s subject, framework and rhetoric skills, which will definitely mean a lot to students, bringing a clear self-consciousness and a deep self figure to them. The exploration by Xia and Ye has walked out a worthy way for our modern workers in education field.