华夏族群是中华文明的主要创造者和继承者，然而对于华夏族群史，特别是华夏族群自魏晋南北朝以至元明清所经历的巨大变迁，学术界并未予以应有的重视。本文以元明鼎革为切入点，从一个相对宏观的角度剖析由明廷主导的“再造华夏”的社会运动。众所周知，自大唐王朝崩溃后，生活在不同政权下的华夏族群有着不同的历史经验与历史记忆。在元代的族群等级制中，华夏族群被分割为“汉人”、“南人”两个群体的社会事实进一步加深了南北华夏族群之间的裂痕。为了整合华夏族群以巩固其统治基础，明廷致力于恢复华夏传统，增强族群认同的文化工程。首先，明廷建构了由汉唐经宋元至明的正统王朝谱系以修复华夏族群历史记忆的连续性。在此基础上，明廷透过对华夏正统、华夷秩序的反复书写，定汴梁为北京、寻访宋理宗首骨“瘗之旧穴”等象征性举措，每三年一次派遣使者祭祀历代帝王陵寝、每年祭祀历代帝王庙的礼仪展演重塑并不断强化着华夏族群的历史记忆。其次，为了恢复华夏传统礼制以强化华夏族群的身份认同，明廷主要采取了以下三个方面的措施。一，透过“严祀事”、复雅乐、革除岳镇海渎的国家封号等措施清理国家礼制中的非正统因素。二，耗费二十多年时间对具有族群象征意义的冠服之制进行复古性改革。三，对官僚与民众的相见礼、婚礼、丧礼等日常礼仪做出了符合华夏传统的细致规定。由于言行是否符合传统礼制是华夏族群区分我族与他者的重要标准，明廷的相关举措具有强化族群认同的功能。复次，明廷重新确立了儒学的正统地位，并透过皇帝亲自书写的《大诰》、普遍建立地方官学，开科取士等手段推行王道教化。在中国传统社会中，华夏族群并非以实存或虚拟的血缘纽带作为其认同基础，而是以是否能分享共同的文化机制作为其评判标准。因此，明廷推行的、涉及社会各阶层的文化工程，增强了华夏族群的认同意识。需要强调的是，明初“国家”主导的“再造华夏”的社会运动，并不是将其他少数族群驱逐于王朝体系之外或尽数将其同化的排外行动；而是一个庞大的、综合性的文化工程，其目的在于强化华夏族群的内部认同，并重新确立以华夏族群为主体的、“华夷无间”的族群社会。

The Huaxia ethnic group is the main creator and successor of Chinese civilization, but the historians have not put enough attention to the study of Huaxia ethnic group, especially the great change of them from the Wei, Jin and the South and North dynasties to the Yuan, Ming, Qing dynasty. In this paper, I take the turning of the Yuan and Ming dynasty as the point of penetration, and analyses the social movement of the Reconstruction of Huaxia launched by the Ming Court from a relative macro perspective. It is generally known that people of Huaxia ethnic group living under different authorities had different historical experiences and historical memories since the Tang dynasty had collapsed. What is more, the social fact that Huaxia ethnic group had been divided into the ethnic group of Hanren and that of Nanren under the rule of ethnic hierarchy policy of the Yuan court deepened the cracks between the north and south Huaxia ethnic group. The Ming court engaged in the cultural projection of re-creation of Huaxia tradition and strengthening the ethnic identity to consolidate its ruling base. Above all, the Ming court constructed an orthodox of dynastic lineage, which from the Han, Tang, Song, Yuan to the Ming dynasty, to restore the continuity of historical memory of Huaxia ethnic group. And the Ming court re-constructing and constantly strengthening the historical memory of the Huaxia ethnic group by multiple measures, such as the writing strategy of the Huaxia orthodox and the order of Huayi, the symbolic actions of conferring the North Capital to Bianliang and burying the skull of Song lizong in the original burial ground, and the constantly showing of the ritual of offering sacrifices to the temple of ancient monarchs yearly and the catacombs of the emperors of past dynasties third a year. Moreover, to enhance the identity of the Huaxia ethnic group, the Ming court reconstructed the ritual tradition by three measures as follows. First, it cleared the unorthodox parts of the State’s ritual. Second, it constantly reformed the Guanfu system, which had the symbolic meaning of ethnic identity, lasting more than 20 years. Third, it standardized the daily rituals by detailed rules, which conformed to the traditional rituals. The measures of the Ming court had the function of strengthening the identity of the Huaxia ethnic group, because it is the important standard to distinguishing the Huaxia ethnic group from the others that whether one’s talking and actions concord with the traditional ritual of Huaxia. Last but not least, the Ming court restored the orthodox of Confucian, and carried out the imperial education by the measures, such as the Great Announcement written by the first emperor of the Ming dynasty, the generally establishing of the local authoritative schools, and the practicing of the imperial examination. As Huaxia ethnic group, in traditional Chinese society, distinguished themselves from other ethnic group did not by the real or fictitious ties of blood, but by whether they can share the common cultural system, the state’s measures strengthened the awareness of identity of Huaxia ethnic group. What must be emphasized is that the state launched the social movement of Reconstruction of Huaxia was not an exclusive action, which wanted to drive the minority ethnic groups from the imperial system, but an enormous, comprehensive cultural projection, which aimed at enhancing the awareness of identity of Huaxia ethnic group and restoring an ethnic society in which Huaxia ethnic group is the mainstream and other minority ethnic groups are treated as equal as Huaxia ethnic group.