1959年庐山会议以纠“左”始，却以反右终。其转向原因是多方面的，本文认为从主观上来说，根本原因在于捍卫“三面红旗”、实现奋斗目标。中共为实现赶超战略，早日建成社会主义，树立起总路线、“大跃进”、人民公社这“三面红旗”，并且不允许对此怀疑和动摇。庐山会议前八个月纠“左”也以维护“三面红旗”为前提。庐山会议上彭德怀等人的言论明显超出毛泽东设定的纠“左”框架，被认为是右倾，于是会议转向。 直接原因在于防止群众泄气、坚持继续跃进；避免党内分裂、保持党的团结。党历来重视群众力量，尤其1957年反右派斗争知识分子受到批判后，工农群众成为社会主义建设的唯一依靠力量，毛泽东对打击人民群众积极性极为警惕，严厉批评反冒进便是证明。庐山会议上彭德怀等人的言论使毛泽东担心会使群众泄气，因而会议转为反右倾。高饶事件，冒进与反冒进之争，朱可夫事件等使毛泽东对党内分裂极为警惕；彭德怀的地位、作用和言行使他成为毛泽东注意的对象。庐山会议上，彭德怀的信把他自己推上风口浪尖，再加上从会议初期的小组会讨论就明显出现意见分歧，尽管毛泽东讲话一再要求统一认识，分歧还是很大，甚至引发争论，这使毛泽东认为党内有分裂迹象，于是采取一系列措施维护团结，使会议转向。 深层次因素在于巩固个人权威、警惕中国式赫鲁晓夫的出现；维护党的威信、防止波匈事件在中国上演。苏共二十大后，中共低调反对个人崇拜，毛泽东对个人崇拜默许和纵容。波匈事件和国内反冒进事件的发生使毛泽东把原因归咎于反对个人崇拜，担心权威不足会造成严重后果，于是开始倡导和树立对他本人的个人崇拜。彭德怀一贯反对个人崇拜，在庐山会议上的发言同样坚持这一立场，与当时党内已经形成的浓厚的个人崇拜氛围格格不入，被毛泽东当作中国的“赫鲁晓夫”进行批判，以维护他的绝对权威。波匈事件对毛泽东的震动非常大，之后他从人民内部矛盾和阶级斗争两个方面观察国际国内形势和思想动向。发动整风便是为了妥善处理人民内部矛盾，避免中国发生波匈事件。但是当他看到阶级斗争的存在和波匈事件的危险，整风便转为反右派斗争。庐山会议前后国内外，党内外批评之声四起，形势比较紧张。彭德怀等来自党内高层的批评使毛泽东认为加重了爆发波匈事件的危险，由此便转变了会议主题。 此外，从客观上来说，党内不良风气，一些偶然巧合，毛彭之间的个人历史恩怨也为会议转向提供了条件。

The Lushan Meeting in 1959 began with correcting “Left”, but ended with combating “Right”. There were several reasons for the change. From the subjective point, the basic reason was defending the “Three Red Banners” and achieving goals. For the realization of surpassing strategy to build socialism, the CCP set up the “Three Red Banners”, that is the “General Line”, the "Great Leap Forward" and the “People's Commune”. Mao Zedong didn’t allow to doubt and move it. So rectifying "left" is premise with maintaining the "Three Red Banners" in eight months before the Lushan meeting. At Lushan meeting the speech of Peng Dehuai, etc obviously exceeded the rectifying "left" framework which Mao Zedong had set up. So Peng Dehuai, etc are considered to have right tendency. Then the meeting turned to combat “Right”.The direct reason was preventing the masses of Chinese people from losing heart, insisting in leaping forward, avoiding the division of the party and upholding unity. The CCP had always attached great importance to the power of masses. Especially when intellectuals were torn down from fight against right-wing bites in 1957, workers and peasants became the only power to lean on to build Socialism. The CCP had have looked out for the action which damaged enthusiasm of the masses. At Lushan meeting the speech of Peng Dehuai, etc was deemed to demoralize the people. So the meeting turned to combat “Right”. Mao Zedong focused on party split after Gao Rao Incident, "turn over rash advance" and Zhukov Incident. Gradually Peng Dehuai became the object of Mao's attention because of Peng’s special status, function and action. At Lushan meeting, Peng Dehuai was introduced to where the wind and the waves were highest because of his letter. Plus group discussion appeared difference in opinion at the early stage of meeting. There were still a lot of disagreement though Mao had spoken again and again to try to unify understanding and then uphold unify. It made Mao saw the division signs. So he took a series of measures to maintain unity, and the meeting turned to combat “Right”.Guarding against the people like Khrushchev in China, sustaining party’s prestige and watching out the occurrence of Poland and Hungary Event in China were the reason at a deep level. The CCP had played down to oppose personal worship and Mao Zedong had acquiesced personal worship after the Twentieth Congress of the CPSU. But Mao Zedong turned to advocate and set to his own personal worship when he attributed the Poland and Hungary Event and "turn over rash advance" in China to opposing personal worship, worrying about causing serious consequences due to poor authority. Peng Dehuai’s speech at Lushan meeting stick to his consistent position against personal worship when the CCP had formed the strong personal worship atmosphere. So Peng was considered as the "Khrushchev" in China to critic in order to maintain Mao’s absolute authority. Poland and Hungary Event gave Mao a strong shock so that ever after he thought the international and domestic situations and ideological trend from two aspects: internal contradictions among the people and the class struggle. In order to properly deal with the contradictions among the people and then watch out the occurrence of Poland and Hungary Event in China, CCP had moved rectification movement. But when he saw the existence of class struggle and the risk of Poland and Hungary Event in China, he turned the rectification to fight against right-wing. During Lushan meeting criticisms both inside and outside the Party, and both at home and abroad was everywhere. So the situation was more nervous. Peng Dehuai, etc’s criticism from the top of CCP is considered to increases the risk of Poland and Hungary Event in China. So the meeting turned to combat “Right”. In addition, from the objective point, atmosphere of the party, some coincidence and individuals’ historical grievances provided the factors for the changing direction of Lushan Meeting.