摘　要随着人类社会的进步和文明的发展，废止和限制适用死刑已经成为势不可挡的世界性趋势。从各国的刑法来看，现在世界上绝大多数的国家和地区在法律上明确废除死刑，或在实践中事实性的废除死刑。可以说，全面废止死刑或者最大限度限制死刑的适用已经成为世界上大多数国家的选择。欧洲大部分国家已经废除了死刑，而美国、中东和亚洲的一些国家仍然保留死刑。即使在美国国内，对于死刑的适用也存在分歧。有些州适用死刑，而有些州则不然。保留死刑的州，对于死刑的适用也各不相同，但从总体上讲，美国大多数州的成文法规定允许适用死刑。然而死刑制度在新时代下具备了鲜明的特征。如今制定法规定了为防止死刑任意适用而提供的保护。联邦最高法院在对美国宪法第八修正案的解释中，创立了两个重要的指导：第一，要对量刑者的自由裁量做出指导，从而避免以恣意和任意理由来适用死刑。第二，要向量刑者提供所有相关证据，以便量刑者做出是否该特定被告人应受死刑惩罚的个别化考察。1976年，联邦最高法院在格雷格诉佐治亚州案以及相关判例中，通过认定宪法第八修正案本身并不禁止死刑，从而肯定了佐治亚州、佛罗里达州和德克萨斯州的死刑制定法。该判决明确认定死刑并非天生就属于过于严苛的刑罚。联邦最高法院还解决了死刑是否适用于某些特定被告人或某些特定犯罪的问题。本文讨论的问题就是死刑在非杀人行为的共犯情形中的适用。本文主要以两个分别发生在1982年和1987年的美国案例为切入点，对共犯适用死刑进行研究和分析。旨在通过对美国死刑适用对象限制的讨论，揭示现有死刑制度修改的必要性以及死刑未来的发展。他山之石，可以攻玉。对于建立法治社会的道路已经起步且不断取得突出成就的中国来说，借鉴其他国家限制、减少死刑适用乃至废止死刑制度的成功经验，无疑仍具有重要的意义。关键词：美国死刑，共同犯罪，适用范围

ABSTRACTWith the development of human society and civilization, the abolished and restrictions apply to the death penalty has become unstoppable worldwide trend. National criminal law, the vast majority of countries and regions in the world explicitly in the law abolishing the death penalty, or the fact that the abolition of the death penalty in practice. It can be said that the full abolition of the death penalty or the maximum limit the application of the death penalty has become the choice of most of the world. The majority of European countries have abolished the death penalty, and the United States, the Middle East and some Asian countries still retain the death penalty.Even in the U.S., differences also exist for the application of the death penalty. Some states apply the death penalty, and some states are not. States retain the death penalty for the application of the death penalty all the same, but generally speaking, most states statutory provisions allowing for the application of the death penalty. However, the death penalty system in the new era has distinctive features. Today, the statute provides for the protection provided to prevent the arbitrary application of the death penalty. The Federal Supreme Court in the interpretation of the Eighth Amendment of the Constitution of the United States, the creation of two important guidelines: first, to guide the sentence’s discretion to make in order to avoid arbitrary and any reason to apply the death penalty. Second, to provide all the relevant evidence to the sentencing, so that the sentence to make individualized investigated whether the particular defendant should be subject to capital punishment.Enmund v. Florida case, the Supreme Court established a demarcated, does not make anyone both for taking a life, not attempted murder, or have no intention to kill the defendant to bear the death penalty rules. After less than five years, in Tison v. Arizona, the Supreme Court modified this standard, and narrowed to exclude the death penalty outside the scope of the defendant, the Federal Supreme Court held that, if the felony murder accomplice in the crime from the a major role, and there is evidence that the defendant have to ignore other people's lives lightly, on the death penalty.KEY WORDS：Capital punishment, Common crime, Scope