我国北方存在严重的土壤风蚀问题，受风力侵蚀引起的荒漠化面积占国土总面积的二分之一以上。土壤风蚀是土地沙漠化过程的首要环节，也是下风向地区沙尘暴灾害的根源，是引起土壤退化的主要途径。希拉穆仁草原位于内蒙古高原中部，地处欧亚大陆中高纬度地区，远离海洋，降水较少，属中国北方农牧交错区，常年大风致使土壤风蚀普遍发生，草原明显退化，自然生态系统非常脆弱。土壤风蚀问题严重影响希拉穆仁草原生态系统的稳定性，制约当地生产力的发展。东北黑土区作为我国重要的商品粮生产基地，漫岗丘陵分布广泛，受寒温带大陆性气候影响，春季干旱多风，平缓的地形及春季大风使黑土极易遭受风蚀，严重影响当地生产力。随着风蚀研究的逐步深入，针对内蒙古耕地的风力侵蚀研究逐渐增多，但研究方法多样，结果差异很大，可比性差，且主要集中于荒漠化较严重的地区，对草地风蚀研究则较少，对东北黑土区土壤风蚀研究更少。本研究在内蒙古草原区采用集沙仪法，在东北黑土区同时采用集沙仪法与137Cs示踪法，分别测算研究区的风蚀速率。以往借助野外设备研究风蚀速率，一般不能定量测出某一给定地块的风蚀量，而本研究采用特定的方法布设集沙仪，能够定量测出一定面积上的风蚀量。并根据东北黑土区漫岗丘陵顶部平坦广阔、水力侵蚀微弱及春耕季节风蚀明显的特点，采用137Cs示踪方法估算了漫岗顶部近40年的平均风蚀速率。 内蒙古草原区集沙仪布设于阴山北麓希拉穆仁草原，内蒙古包头市达尔罕茂名安联合旗召河镇（召河），水利部牧区科学水利研究所野外试验站内，监测时段为2008年3月-2012年3月。东北黑土区集沙仪布设在黑龙江省农垦总局九三分局鹤山农场，北京师范大学九三水土保持野外试验站鹤北流域内（鹤北流域），监测时段2011年5月-2013年3月。集沙仪每月收集一次数据。137Cs采样点位于鹤北流域及其周边10 km区域的30个漫岗顶部，每个漫岗顶采层样1个，全样8个，共9个；背景值样点选两处，采全样7个，层样4个共11个。采样时段为2012年5月，测样时段为2012年6月至2013年2月，侵蚀速率估算使用Walling质量平衡模型（II）。 通过召河数据的整理分析，确定了草原区地表输沙率在8 g m-1d-1左右，4个季节近地表风沙流结构比较相似，集沙平均40%集中在地表30-50 cm内，平均约60%集中在80 cm以内，平均约70%集中在100 cm以内，平均约85%集中在150 cm以内。在观测时段内研究区发生风力侵蚀，2008年草原翻耕地的风蚀速率为9.4 t hm-2a-1，2009-2011年草地的平均风蚀速率为4.4 t hm-2a-1。并用电镜拍照法对地表活动风沙进行了粒径测定，发现粒径主要集中在0.016-0.125 mm，占风蚀物总量90%左右；其中极细沙占10-30%，粗粉沙占20-60%，中粉沙占10-20%。 通过鹤北流域数据的整理分析，背风坡地表输沙率在8-12 g m-1d-1之间，15-25%沙量集中在地表10 cm内，30-40%沙量集中在地表20 cm内，60-75%沙量集中在地表50 cm内，80-95%沙量集中在地表100 cm内。观测时段内，鹤北流域漫岗背风坡发生风力堆积，2011与2012两年的平均堆积速率为0.58 t hm-2a-1。通过对鹤北流域及其周边区域的137C数据测定分析，确定了研究区137Cs背景值为1879.7 Bq m-2，侵蚀样的137Cs面积活度主要集中在1200-1800 Bq m-2之间。通过质量平衡模型（II）的估算，发现所有样点平均风蚀速率为6.98 t hm-2a-1，变异系数为32.33%，不同岗顶受周围条件、人为扰动等影响，导致风蚀速率有所差异。 本研究运用集沙仪与137Cs示踪2种方法，对我国北方2个地区风蚀速率进行了初步的定量研究，发现内蒙古草原区草地与翻耕地都存在轻度风蚀；黑土区漫岗顶部农地存在轻度风蚀，而漫岗背风坡存在微度堆积。本研究可为中国北方草原区及农耕区水土保持实践工作提供理论支持，为风蚀速率定量观测研究提供了一个新的思路。研究为水土保持数据库的添加及风蚀研究方法的完善具有非常重要意义。

Soil erosion is a serious problem in Northern China and more than half of the whole country is suffering the hazard of wind erosion and desertification. Wind erosion is not only the primary stage of desertification in arid and semi-arid region , but also the source of soil dust in the downwind region, wind erosion is also the main cause for soil degradation.Located in the Inner Mongolia plateau, inland areas in the middle and high latitudes in Eurasia continent, Xilamuren grassland is far away from the sea with little precipitation and strong winds perennially, which is conducive for wind erosion. Wind erosion caused the grassland to deterioratesignificantly thus the fragility of natural ecosystem is very prominent. The problem of wind erosion significantly influenced the stability of ecological system in Xilamuren grassland and constrained the development of the productivity in this region. As one important production base for commodity grain in China,Northeast Black soil regionhas a Gentle hilly landform and coarse-silt, clay dominant soil parent material with the characteristic of loess , which determines that black soil is susceptible to erosion. The gentle slope and heavy winds co-determines that black soil is susceptible to wind erosion, which has a serious negative impact on the local productivity.More and moreresearcheson wind erosion are focused on arable land in Inner Mongolia, however, results of these researches differed significantly and were not comparative since the research methods differed greatly. What’s more, these researches mainly focused on the regions of serious desertification and few researches are conducted in grassland. Wind erosion in northeast black region is rarely reported. Sand samplers were used in the grassland in Inner Mongolia and both Cs137 method and sand samplers were used for the calibration of wind erosion ratein northeast black soil region. Unlike previous research mainly focused on soil flux instead of erosion rate, a particular layout method of sand samplers were used for quantification of wind erosion rate in a certain area. Considering that the top of the hilly landform in northeast black soil region is flat and wide, which is difficult for the occurrence of water erosion but susceptible to wind erosion especially in spring, soil samples were collected on the top of the hilly area and 137Cs methodology was used for the estimation for the mean wind erosion rate for almost 40 years.The field observation in Inner Mongolia lasted for 4 years from Mar., 2008 to Mar. 2012 in Institute of Water Resources for Pastoral Area, northern foothill of YinshanMountain in DarhanMuminggan Joint Banner, Baotou. Field observation in northeast lasted from May. 2011 to Mar. 2013 in Soil and Water Conservation field scientific experimental station, Beijing Normal University, Nenjiang County.30 tops of gentle hilly areas were selected for 137Cs sampling in this research in Nenjiang County and 9 samples, including 8 bulk samples and 1 increment samples for different depth were collected on every top. 11 samples of background were collected at 2 locations with 7 bulk samples and 4 increments samples for different depth.137Cs samples were collected in May, 2012 and the samples were measured from June, 2012 to Feb., 2013. Mass balance model (II) was used for calculation of wind erosion rate.Soil flux above surface is 8g m-1d-1in grassland. The percent of sands collected at different heights are similar in the four seasons near the surface in grassland, 40% of sand concentrated at 30-50cm above the surface, 60% of sand concentrated at the height less than 80cm above the surface, 70% of sand concentrated at the height less than 100cm above the surface and 85% of sans concentrated at the height less than 150cm above the surface. Wind erosion occurred during the observation period in the grassland in Inner Mongolia, erosion rate in plough grassland is 9.4t hm-2a-1 in 2008 and the mean erosion rate in grassland during 2009-2011 is 4.4t hm-2a-1. Vertical distribution of sand flux differed slightly in every direction, either in the upwind or downwind.Particle size of blown sand was tested by taking microscope images and particle size mainly concentrated in 0.016-0.125mm, accounted for 90% of the total wind erosion sand, 20-60% of that is coarse silt and 10-30%, 10-20% of that is very fine sand and medium silt, respectively.Soil flux in theleeward side of gentle hilly region in Hebei watershed is 8-12g m-1d-1. 15-25% of sand was collected at the height less than 10cm above the surface, 30-40% of sand was collected at the height less than 20cm above the surface, 60-75% of sand was collected at the height less than 50cm above the surface, 80-95% of sand was collected at the height less than 100cm above the surface.Deposition occurred in the leeward side of the gentle hillyregion and the mean deposition rate during 2011 to 2012 is 0.58 t hm-2a-1. Analyses of 137Csdata in Hebei watershed and surroundings regions showed that background value of 137Cs is 1879.7Bq m-2 and the 137Cs activity mainly concentrated on the value of 1200-1800Bqm-2. Estimation of mass balance model (II) indicated that mean wind erosion rate is 6.98 t hm-2a-1and variation coefficient of all tops of hilly areas is 32.33%, indicating that wind erosion rate differed at different tops due to the discrepancy of surrounding conditions and human disturbance. Sand samplers and 137Cs tracing methods were used for preliminary quantification of wind erosion rates for two main land use types in Northern China, the result indicated that mild wind erosion occurred in both grasslands and arable land in Inner Mongolia and wind erosion occurred in the arable lands on the top of the gentle hilly regions and deposition occurred in the leeward side of the arable land of the gentle hillyregion.The results of this research can provide theoretical support for soil and water conservation practices in grasslands and arable land in northern China, an new methodology for quantified measurements of wind erosion rate is also advised in this research. The research is of great significance for the improvement of soil and water conservation database and the research methodologies.