党的二十大报告中做出了增进民生福祉、提高人民生活品质的重要战略部署，促进收入稳定增长、保持生计可持续发展是提升农户福祉水平的关键，作为整个农户生计结构的基础，这一过程离不开生计资本的合理配置。然而，青藏高原作为典型的生态环境脆弱区，资源环境约束强，人地矛盾凸显，地处青藏高原腹地的洛扎县承受着全球变暖带来的冰碛湖泥石流等灾害威胁，危害区域农户的生命财产安全，影响农户福祉水平。农户作为农村地区的基本生产单位，在促进可持续发展、提升福祉方面发挥重要作用，因此，从农户微观视角去衡量生计资本并进一步评估其影响，可以努力为区域减少贫困、自然资源可持续利用以及生态环境保护奠定基础，有助于实现社会主义新农村建设的最终目标，提升农户福祉水平，对促进地区可持续发展具有重大的现实意义。

本文以喜马拉雅南麓洛扎县为研究区，基于国内外研究进展评述、相关概念界定、理论基础和222份入户实地调查数据，建立了生计资本对农户主观福祉影响的理论分析框架，从生计资本的角度，探讨主观福祉的提升路径。主要工作有：第一，基于可持续生计框架和现有研究，建立了适合于农牧区的农户生计资本评估指标体系，对农户生计资本特征及区域变化进行综合评价；第二，参考世界价值调查及千年生态系统评估框架，对不同乡村发展类型内的人类福祉进行评估；第三，借助增强回归树模型探讨生计资本对农户主观福祉的影响，实证研究了生计资本对农户主观福祉影响的相对强度和影响方式；最后，针对不同乡村发展类型特点，制定农户主观福祉提升的优化路径，提出了提升农户福祉的政策建议。研究得到的主要结论如下：

（1）将洛扎县乡村发展类型划分为农业区、农业-旅游区和旅游区。农业区农户的生计方式以农作物种植以及牲畜养殖为主，2021年农户农业收入占比高出旅游区92.94%，区域旅游景点少，交通条件较为落后；农业-旅游区农户的生计方式呈现出了由传统农业向现代旅游业的转移，农业劳动力减少，农户生计方式以协助公路修建、修建房屋等日结零工、旅游载客、长途拉货、开餐馆、商铺、旅馆等为主要特征；旅游区农户的生计方式以旅游业为主，且已逐渐成熟，区域自然及人文景观丰富，拥有地貌、水体等自然旅游资源，宗教文化、藏族风情等人文旅游资源，旅游经济对区域经济的贡献率较高，旅游业相关收入占比87.68%。

（2）2021年洛扎县综合生计资本得分2.08，在空间上具有一定的异质性。生态资本和自然资本是农业区农户生计资本的重要组成部分，但其金融资本和物质资本相对较差，旅游区与其恰巧相反，说明在乡村发展程度较低的情况下，自然资本对农户生计有着无可取代的保障功能；此外，乡村发展促进了农户生计资本的增加，但是，随着乡村发展程度的提高，生计资本的增加速度减小，一是由于区域发生了大规模劳动力转移，二是外来游客带来了不良的环境影响，导致生态资本中的供给服务、调节服务以及自然资本中的耕地面积、草地面积降低显著。因此，区域农户应当与自己的生计特征相联系，弥补缺乏的生计资本，重点提升关键的生计资本，以此来增强自身生计的可持续性。

（3）为方便研究需要，农户主观福祉通过两种常用测算方法进行评价，分别用幸福感与生活满意度评价农户主观福祉。分析结果表明，农户幸福感评价得分3.79，生活满意度的五个不同维度得分按以下顺序排列：社会关系＞健康＞自由权和选择权＞安全＞物质，在各维度的所有指标中，农户最不满意的是生产资源，其中对耕地供水满意度较低；最满意的指标为心理健康水平，表明区域农户心理状况良好。随着乡村发展，农户主观福祉水平逐渐提升，农业区至农业-旅游区的提升幅度较大，农业-旅游区至旅游区的提升幅度减小。基于研究评估结果，区域需要侧重于农业现代化的提升，注重乡村水利建设及生产条件改善。

（4）农户生计资本对主观福祉的相对影响变化曲线图表明，总体来看，生计资本增加对农户主观福祉提升具有正向影响。在生计资本的相关因素中，家庭总收入对农户主观福祉提升的贡献率最高，其次是政府支持和非农收入占比水平。但是，农户主观福祉水平的提高并不在于简单的增加各类生计资本，不同乡村发展类型农户主观福祉影响的变化趋势相似性和差异性并存，影响因素对不同乡村发展类型农户主观福祉的边际效应也存在不同。因此，政府在制定提高农户福祉的相关政策时，应充分考虑不同类型村庄资源禀赋的差异，因地制宜的合理配置农户生计资本，可以优先从增加农户资源收入以及完善各项基础设施建设方面考虑，从而提升农户福祉水平。

The 20th Party Congress report made an important strategic plan to promote people's livelihood and improve their well-being and quality of life. Promoting stable income growth and maintaining sustainable livelihoods are key to enhancing the well-being of farmers, and as the foundation of the overall farm livelihood structure, this process cannot be achieved without the proper allocation of livelihood capital. However, as a typical ecological and environmental fragile area, the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau has strong resource and environmental constraints, and the contradiction between human and land is prominent. Located in the hinterland of the Tibetan Plateau, Loza County endures the threat of disasters such as moraine lake mudslides brought about by global warming, which endangers the lives and properties of regional farmers and affects their well-being level. As the basic unit of production in rural areas, farmers play an important role in promoting sustainable development and enhancing well-being. Therefore, measuring livelihood capital and further assessing its impact from the microscopic perspective of farmers can strive to lay the foundation for regional poverty reduction, sustainable use of natural resources, and ecological conservation. It helps achieve the ultimate goal of new socialist countryside construction, enhances the level of farmers' well-being, and is of great practical significance in promoting sustainable regional development.

Our research establishes a theoretical analysis framework of the impact of livelihood capital on the subjective well-being of farmers based on a review of domestic and international research progress, definition of relevant concepts, theoretical foundations and 222 household field survey data, using Loza County in the southern Himalayan foothills as the study area. Exploring the path to enhance subjective well-being from the perspective of livelihood capital. The main work includes: first, based on the sustainable livelihood framework and existing studies, a livelihood capital assessment index system for farming and herding areas was established, and a comprehensive evaluation of the characteristics and dynamic changes of farmers' livelihood capital was conducted. Second, an assessment of human well-being within different rural development types with reference to the World Values Survey and the Millennium Ecosystem Assessment framework. Third, the impact of livelihood capital on farmers' subjective well-being is explored with the aid of an augmented regression tree model, which empirically investigates the relative strength and mode of impact of livelihood capital on farmers' subjective well-being. Finally, the optimal paths for the enhancement of farmers' subjective well-being are formulated for the characteristics of different rural development types, and policy recommendations for enhancing farmers' well-being are proposed. The main conclusions obtained from the study are as follows:

(1) The types of rural development in Loza County are classified as traditional agricultural zoning, agricultural-tourism zoning and ethnic tourism zoning. Farmers' livelihoods in traditional agricultural zoning are based on crop cultivation as well as livestock breeding, and the agricultural income of farmers in 2021 is 92.94% higher than that of ethnic tourism zoning, with few regional tourist attractions and relatively backward transportation conditions. The livelihoods of farming households in agricultural-tourism zoning show a shift from traditional agriculture to modern tourism, a reduction in agricultural labor, and the livelihoods of farming households are characterized by daily odd jobs such as assisting in road construction, building houses, carrying passengers on tours, hauling goods over long distances, opening restaurants, stores, hotels, etc. The livelihood of farmers in the ethnic tourism zoning is mainly based on tourism and has gradually matured. The region is rich in natural and humanistic landscapes, with natural tourism resources such as landforms and water bodies, and humanistic tourism resources such as religious culture and Tibetan customs, and the contribution of the tourism economy to the regional economy is high, with 87.68% of tourism-related income.

(2) The composite livelihood capital score of 2.08 in Loza County in 2021 is somewhat spatially heterogeneous. Ecological capital and natural capital are important components of farmers' livelihood capital in traditional agricultural zoning, but their financial and physical capital are relatively poor, and tourist areas are the opposite of them, indicating that natural capital has an irreplaceable function of securing farmers' livelihoods in the context of a low level of rural development. In addition, rural development has contributed to the increase in the livelihood capital of farmers, but the rate of increase in livelihood capital decreases as the degree of rural development increases, firstly, due to the large-scale labor force shift that occurs in the region, and secondly, due to the adverse environmental impacts brought by foreign tourists, which leads to a significant decrease in the supply services and regulation services in ecological capital, as well as the area of cultivated land and grassland in natural capital. Therefore, regional farmers should link to their livelihood characteristics to make up for the lack of livelihood capital and focus on enhancing key livelihood capital as a way to enhance the sustainability of their livelihoods.

(3) To facilitate research needs, farmers' subjective well-being was evaluated by two commonly used measures, happiness and life satisfaction, respectively. The results of the analysis showed that farmers' happiness evaluation score was 3.79, and the scores of five different dimensions of life satisfaction were arranged in the following order: social relations > health > freedom and choice > security > material, and among all the indicators of each dimension, farmers were least satisfied with production resources, among which they were less satisfied with arable water supply; the most satisfied indicator was the level of mental health, which indicated that the psychological condition of regional farmers was good. With the development of the countryside, the level of farmers' subjective well-being gradually increases, with a greater increase from the traditional agricultural zoning to the agricultural-tourism zoning and a decrease from the traditional agricultural zoning to the ethnic tourism zoning. Based on the results of the study assessment, the region needs to focus on the improvement of agricultural modernization, the construction of rural water resources and the improvement of production conditions.

(4) The graph of the change in the relative impact of farmers' livelihood capital on subjective well-being shows that, in general, the increase in livelihood capital has a positive impact on the improvement of farmers' subjective well-being. Among the factors related to livelihood capital, total household income contributed the most to the improvement of farmers' subjective well-being, followed by government support and the level of non-farm income share. However, the improvement of farmers' subjective well-being does not simply lie in the increase of various types of livelihood capital, and there are similarities and differences in the trends of the impacts of farmers' subjective well-being across different rural development types, and there are also differences in the marginal effects of the influencing factors on farmers' subjective well-being across different rural development types. Therefore, when formulating policies to improve the well-being of farmers, the government should fully consider the differences in resource endowments of different types of villages and reasonably allocate farmers' livelihood capital according to local conditions, giving priority to increasing farmers' resource income and improving various infrastructure construction, so as to improve the level of farmers' well-being.