如何选择合适的污水处理技术并保障设施的有效运行是农村生活污水治理面临的重要挑战。为此，本研究基于对北京市680座农村集中式污水处理设施和120座城镇污水处理厂的现场调查结果，解析了北京市农村生活污水治理现状，并从技术筛选评估、重点控制区识别、应用影响因素解析三个角度开展了深入的农村生活污水治理技术研究，建立了从技术筛选到优化应用的农村生活污水治理方法体系。

首先，基于现场调查数据和文献资料，解析了北京农村生活污水处理设施、工艺的建设及发展现状，并对设施运行现状及停运原因进行了统计分析。结果表明，北京农村生活污水处理设施建设经历了两个“高潮”，均与政策驱动紧密相关。当前，设施主要分布在密云、怀柔、房山和通州区，其工艺以MBR为主，且主要委托专业公司运营。在政策引导下，北京农村生活污水处理工艺从2015年开始由城镇污水处理模式向多元化模式转变。多种新型工艺及组合工艺在5年内得到了广泛应用，但生态处理工艺及其组合工艺应用占比较小，污水处理经济可持续性仍待提高。污水结冰、来水不足、资金匮乏、设备损坏、雨水汇入和升级改造是设施停运的6个主要成因，前两者为首要因素。

其次，构建了基于AHP法和模糊TOPSIS法的农村生活污水处理技术筛选评估模型。在此基础上，以北京市5类典型村庄为决策场景，对10种常用的农村生活污水处理工艺进行了适用性评价，并通过R语言编程分析了评价模型的灵敏度。结果表明，绝大部分评价指标均具有较高的灵敏度区间，模型评价结果可靠。各类村庄可基于环境保护要求、经济发展水平、人口密度、土地资源稀缺程度和气候环境条件选择生物转盘、生物滤池、人工湿地、A²O、A²O+MBR、AO+MBR等工艺。

此外，为了提升监管效率，指导技术优化应用，本研究构建了基于内梅罗综合指数法、源强估算法、因子分析法和K均值聚类法的农村生活污水处理重点控制区域识别方法，并基于507座农村集中式污水处理设施的冬、夏两季水质检测数据，将设施所在的95个乡镇划分为四类控制区域。其中，重点控制区域主要分布在通州、顺义、昌平和房山等区的城乡结合部地区。

最后，为了研究外界环境因素对设施运行效果的影响，以北京农村地区应用最广泛的MBR为例，解析了水质和社会环境因素与污染物去除率之间的响应关系。结果表明，MBR设施的SS、COD、BOD₅、TN、NH₃-N和TP平均去除率分别为73.3%、64.9%、62.6%、52.9%、70.5%和58.8%。进水水质、海拔和人均GDP与污染物去除率呈显著相关性，是影响设施运行效果的重要因素。

本研究成果可为农村生活污水处理技术优选及相关标准的建立提供科学决策依据，基于北京市的农村污水处理技术筛选评估与影响因素识别也可为其他省市农村生活污水治理规划设计和运营管理提供重要参考。

It’s a great challenge to choose appropriate technologies and ensure the effectiveness of facilities operation for rural domestic sewage treatment. Based on the field investigation of 680 rural centralized sewage treatment facilities and 120 urban sewage treatment plants in Beijing, this study analyzes the current situation of Beijing’s rural domestic sewage treatment. Then, methodological research on rural domestic sewage treatment is carried out from three perspectives of technology optimization, control area identification, and influencing factor analysis, so as to establish a methodological system for rural domestic sewage treatment from the initial process of technologies optimization to the final process of facilities operations and management.

Firstly, based on fieldwork and literature, the characteristics of facilities construction and technical development of beijing rural domestic sewage treatment are analyzed. In addition, the operation rate of facilites and the reasons for outage are statistically analyzed. The results show that there are two construction climaxes for domestic sewage treatment facilities in Beijing's rural areas, which are closely related to policies. Those facilities are mainly distributed in four districts of Miyun, Huairou, Fangshan and Tongzhou. Most of them choose MBR, and entrust professional companies for operation. Driven by policies, the technical model of domestic sewage treatment have changed from an urban model to a diversified one in rural Beijing since 2015. Varieties of new technologies are widely used in recent 5 years, consequently. However, the application of ecological technologies and their combined process accounts for a relatively small proportion, the economic sustainability of sewage treatment still needs to be improved. Field survey indicates that there are six main causes for facility outages, which are sewage frozen, sewage scarcity, lack of funds, equipment damage, afflux of rainwater, and upgradation. The first two are the chief factors.

Secondly, a mathematical model for technical evaluation of rural domestic sewage treatment based on AHP and fuzzy TOPSIS is constructed. By R programming, the applicability of 10 commonly used technologies are evaluated with 5 scenario which represents 5 typical villages in rural areas of Beijing.To verify the stability of the model , sensitivity analysis is carried out. The results show that most of the indicators are not sensitive to weight changes, indicating that the results are reliable. Villages in rural area can choose technologies like biological turntables, biological filters, constructed wetlands, A²O, A²O+MBR and AO+MBR based on their environmental protection demand, economic development, population density, land resources and environmental conditions.

In addition, to improve supervision efficiency and provide guidance for technology optimization, a method to identify key control areas of rural domestic sewage treatment is constructed using Nemeiro comprehensive index, source intensity estimation, factor analysis and K-means clustering. Then, based on the effluent quality of 507 facilities in winter and summer, the 95 towns where those facilities located are divided into four control regions. The prior control region is distributed in the urban-rural fringe areas of Tongzhou, Shunyi, Changping and Fangshan districts.

Finally, to quantify the impact of external factors on operation effectiveness, the correlation between the removal rates and factors in water quality and social-environment are quantitatively analyzed, taking MBR as an example which is most widely used in rural areas of Beijing. The average removal rate of SS, COD, BOD₅, TN, NH₃-N and TP of MBR is 73.3%, 64.9%, 62.6%, 52.9%, 70.5% and 58.8%, respectively. Moreover, the influent quality, altitude and GDP are significantly correlated with the removal rates, indicating thar there are many external factors that affect the effectiveness of the facilities.

The methods established in this study can help optimize suitable technologies and establish technical optimization standards of rural domestic sewage treatment. The conclusions of technical optimization and influencing factors analysis can provide guidance for the planning, design, operation and management of rural domestic sewage treatment in Beijing and other cities.