发展问题是国际社会最为关心的核心问题，而国际发展援助（IDA或ODA）是国际社会共同应对全球发展问题的重要方式，是国际合作核心内容。国际发展援助绿色化是指推动国际发展援助中的国际环境援助（IEA或OEA）规模和比重日益增大，并推动发展援助的环境效应不断改善。随着全球环境问题日益突出，国际社会对于国际发展援助及其国际环境援助的环境效应愈加重视，发展援助绿色化问题及其途径已成为国际社会关注焦点。目前，中国已成为世界第二大经济体，正在从一个以接受援助为主的大国向以提供援助为主的大国转变。以往国际发展援助的环境效应如何？国际发展援助绿色化有哪些经验可资借鉴？中国应如何通过发展援助绿色化，推进共建人类命运共同体，共谋和引领全球生态文明建设？这些，不仅是世界发展合作的重要课题，也是中国统筹国内国际两个大局赢得未来全球治理主动权的重要课题。本文站在中国的视角，分析国际发展援助绿色化的基本情况、发展态势、经验启示及问题，研究国际发展援助和环境援助的环境效应，提出促进中国对外发展援助绿色化的政策建议。

本论文主要分四个方面展开论述：一是国际发展援助绿色化的总体情况及问题。系统梳理国际发展援助和环境援助相关概念内涵、研究进展和理论方法，总结国际发展援助和环境援助实践情况，以二氧化碳减排为例定量分析国际发展援助及其环境援助的环境效应，揭示国际发展援助绿色化的趋势、主要问题以及发展援助绿色化的经验启示。二是就中国接受和提供国际发展援助对中国产生的环境影响进行定量分析。三是就中国接受国际环境援助对中国的环境改善效应进行定量分析。以上两部分的分析，帮助我们从中国自身角度观察研究国际发展援助绿色化的经验和问题。四是中国推进发展援助绿色化的路径优化研究。具体来说，主要是对中国接受国际环境援助和提供对外环境援助的路径优化进行分析，提出综合政策建议。

本研究发现：1.OECD国家是提供国际发展援助资金最主要的援助方，截至目前提供了全世界超过96%的发展援助资金，约占其GDP的0.37%左右。在资金执行渠道上，国际发展援助以双边执行为主、多边执行为辅，双边占比超七成。国际环境援助规模及其在国际发展援助中的比例一直稳步增长，截至2017年约占发展援助的28.46%。国际环境援助当中，规模由大到小分别是气候减缓援助、气候适应援助、生物多样性保护援助和防治荒漠化援助等。2.国际发展援助绿色化是未来发展的必然方向，顺势而为，可取得国内国际政治、经济、环境等多重效益，提升国际竞争力和话语权。3.以往的国际发展援助对于各受援国环境质量改善未产生显著的积极影响，但国际环境援助对于受援国环境质量改善产生了显著的积极影响，提高国际发展援助中的环境援助占比将有助于改善受援国环境效果。4.在中国自身经济结构、受援结构、援外结构和环境规制背景下，中国当前接受和提供发展援助项目，总体上加剧了中国国内环境压力；中国对外发展援助的绿色化水平也有待提升。5.中国接受国际环境援助总体上有利于改善本国的环境质量，但各环境要素的改善不平衡，存在改进空间；中国接受环境援助的优先领域顺次为：水环境治理、大气环境治理、固废治理和全球环境治理，这与国际环境援助优先关注气候变化与生物多样性等全球环境问题存在方向性差异。6.中国应加快对外发展援助绿色化进程，发挥比较优势，优化援助对象和援助方式，与其他援助国加强合作谋求共赢，减少资源重复；在双边和地区环境援助方面，应优先以“一带一路”及周边国家为重点，避免与其他援助国低效竞争；在应对全球环境问题方面，中国可加强对联合国等多边组织的资金和人员支持，在多边组织统筹协调下发挥作用。

总之，中国应坚持推进国际发展援助绿色化的战略定力，不断探索推进对外环境援助的优化路径，系统提升对外发展援助的绿色化水平，坚持加强国际环境合作，协力解决国内和全球环境问题。

本文的主要贡献及创新在于：探索了国际发展援助绿色化研究的新视角，从既是重要受援国又是重要援助国的双角色国家——中国的独特角度提供了独特的研究案例，是对国际发展援助和环境援助研究领域的有益补充；从研究方法上，本研究结合当前国际发展援助的绿色化趋势，综合运用多种评估方法对国际发展援助和环境援助的环境效应进行评价，尝试建立一套国际发展援助绿化评估分析研究框架，为中国未来研究、制定和改进国际发展援助和国际环境援助策略提供决策支持工具参考。本研究成果将有助于推进探索具有中国特色的国际发展援助绿色化战略模式，助推中国引领全球生态文明建设和实现美丽新世界的愿景。

International environmental aid (IEA) is an important composition of international development aid (IDA). Greenization of IDA refers to the increase in scale and proportion of IEA in IDA, and the improvement of environmental effects or performances of IDA. With the global environment becoming a hot issue, the international community has paid more and more attention to the greenization and environmental outcomes of IDA. China as the second largest economy in the world, is  acting as not only a recipient but also a donor. By receiving or providing IDA, what are the environmental effects achieved, what are the lessons learned, and how to achieve global ecological civilization through greenization of IDA? These are important questions to answer not only for China, but also for the world. This study analyzes the situation, trend, experience and challenges for the greening path of IDA, summarizes the environmental effects of IDA and IEA, and makes policy recommendations.

This study contains four parts: First, an overall review of IDA’s greening path, including a summary of practice of IDA and IEA, quantitative analysis of environmental impacts of IDA and IEA on recipent countries, and trend, deficiencies and lesson learned from greenization of IDA. Second, a quantitative analysis of environmental impacts of IDA on China as a dual role of recipient and donor. Third, a quantitative analysis of environmental effects of IEA received and used by China. Fourth, suggestions on optimized pathway for China's greenization of IDA.

Main findings of the present study includes: 1) OECD countries are the main donors of IDA funds that have provided more than 96% of the total IDA so far, accounting for 0.37% of their GDP. The scale of IEA has been growing steadily, accounting for 28.46% of IDA by 2017. IEA has been used in the areas of, from large to small on scale, climate change mitigation, climate change adaptation, biodiversity conservation and desertification prevention, etc.. 2) The greenization of IDA is an inevitable process, which can achieve domestic and international common interests and co-benefits. 3) IDA has not made a significant positive impact on environmental quality in various recipient countries while IEA does. Increase the proportion of IEA in IDA will enhance the positive impact of IDA. 4) In the context of its current status  of economic structure, social, foreign affairs and environmental regulations, China's role as both recipient and donor of IDA has generally increased its domestic environmental pressure. 5) Received IEA helped improving China's environmental quality, although the funds allocation to various environmental protection areas needs to be more balanced. The environmental protection priorities for China are its water, air, solid waste and then global environmental governance, which are different from the priorities of IEA which prioritized global hot issues, such as climate change and biodiversity conservation. 6) China should speed up the greening process of its IDA, give full play to its comparative advantages, optimize the target and mode of aid, and cooperate with other donor countries to seek co-benefits and reduce repeated investment. China should give priority in its IEA to its adjacent and BRI (Belt and Road Initiative) countries bilaterally or regionally to avoid inefficient competition. China may strengthen financial and personnel support to multilateral organizations such as the United Nations in tackling global environmental problems.

This paper suggests that China should insist on the strategy of promoting greenization of IDA, explore optimized path for China's IEA, enhance its greenization level, strengthen international environmental cooperation, and work together with the world to solve global environmental topics.

The main contributions and innovations of this study are: 1) Exploring a new perspective of greenization of IDA, and providing a unique case study from the unique perspective of China with a dual role of recipient and donor simultaneously. 2) Using a variety of methods to evaluate environmental effects of IDA and IEA, and trying to establish an analytical research framework of IDA greenization assessment, aiming to provide an effective technical support for China to improve its IDA and IEA strategies. This study is conducive to explore a green strategic model of IDA with Chinese characteristics, and helps China on achieving global ecological civilization and realizing its vision of a clean and beautiful world.