中国共产党是中国特色社会主义事业的领导核心，党的有效领导对社会发展具有重要影响。党的领导制度是党的领导活动的规范和指引，全面深化改革的新时代对中国共产党的领导制度提出了新的要求。一方面，中国共产党自身发展面临从规模优势进一步向制度优势转变，党的建设中领导制度要有新的进步。另一方面，中国共产党在中国社会的政治中轴作用要求党对社会的领导制度要更加持续有效。因此，研究中国共产党的领导制度历史变迁，从历史中总结经验教训就成为党建和中国政治发展的时代课题。本文正是基于这一思路展开研究。

文章主体是对中国共产党在新民主主义革命时期、社会主义革命与建设时期、改革开放新时期和中国特色社会主义进入新时代这一连贯的历史时期的领导制度展开系统性的研究。中国共产党作为马克思主义政党，一经创立便进行了领导制度的建设。从建党初期的家长制式的领导制度，到新民主主义革命时期逐步形成一元化领导制度，再到社会主义建设时期的党的一元化领导制度对社会的全面嵌入，一直到走向极端化的党的领导制度困境。改革开放使得中国社会发生转型，中国共产党的领导制度建设也逐步走向制度化，集体领导制度得以完善。先是对党政关系的分开设立进行探索，再到社会主义市场经济体制建立时期对党的领导制度法制化的探索，再到科学执政、民主执政和依法执政对党的领导制度时代化的发展。中国特色社会主义进入新时代后，全面深化改革的现实要求中国共产党必须围绕以推进国家治理体系和治理能力现代化为遵循进行领导制度的体系化建设。

通过对中国共产党领导制度变迁规律研究，可以发现中国共产党领导制度演变的关键性政治前提是坚持党的领导，在这一过程中遵循历史惯性与制度变革的统一，并强调政治愿景与现实阶段的协调。中国共产党领导制度体系化建设有两条基本价值原则，即领导能力现代化指向的有效领导和领导体系现代化指向的制度定型。

The Communist Party of China is the leading core of the cause of socialism with Chinese characteristics, and its effective leadership has an important impact on social development. The party's leadership system is the norm and guidance of the party's leadership activities. The new era of comprehensively deepening reform puts forward new requirements for the leadership system of the Communist Party of China. On the one hand, the development of the Communist Party of China is facing the transformation from the scale advantage to the system advantage, and the leadership system should make new progress in the party's construction. On the other hand, the role of the CPC in the political axis of Chinese society requires the party's leadership system to be more sustainable and effective. Therefore, studying the historical changes of the leadership system of the Communist Party of China and summing up the experience and lessons from the history has become an era topic of Party building and China's political development. This paper is based on this idea.

The main body of this paper is a systematic study of the leadership system of the Communist Party of China in the new democratic revolutionary period, socialist revolution and construction period, new period of reform and opening up and the new era of socialism with Chinese characteristics entering the new era. As a Marxism political party, the Communist Party of China has carried out the construction of the leadership system since its establishment. From the patriarchal leadership system in the initial stage of the Party establishment, to the unified leadership system gradually formed in the new democratic revolution period, to the comprehensive embedding of the party's unified leadership system into the society in the socialist construction period, to the dilemma of the party's leadership system towards the extreme. The reform and opening up has brought about the transformation of Chinese society, and the construction of the leadership system of the Communist Party of China has gradually become institutionalized. First of all, it explores the separate establishment of the relationship between the Party and the government, then explores the legalization of the Party's leadership system during the establishment of the socialist market economy system, and then explores the epochal development of the Party's leadership system through scientific, democratic and legal governance. After socialism with Chinese characteristics has entered a new era, the reality of comprehensively deepening reform requires the Communist Party of China to build a systematic leadership system in accordance with the modernization of national governance system and governance capacity.

Through the study of the rule of the change of the leadership system of the Communist Party of China, we can find that the key political premise of the evolution of the leadership system of the Communist Party of China is to adhere to the leadership of the party, in this process, it follows the unity of historical inertia and institutional change, and emphasizes the coordination of political vision and the realistic stage. There are two basic principles in establishing the basic value of the construction of the leadership system of the Communist Party of China, namely, the effective leadership directed by the modernization of leadership ability and the system setting of the modernization of the leadership system.