腐败是一个令各国执政者都伤透脑筋的话题，它与中国共产党的性质、宗旨背道而驰。中国共产党在领导中国人民进行革命和建设的过程中，始终将反腐败作为一项常抓不懈的工作，特别是在新中国成立之初，面临着错综复杂的国内外环境，毛泽东特别注意加强反腐败斗争。本文运用文献法、分析归纳法对1949～1956年毛泽东重视反腐败的原因、反腐败思想的主要内容和实践成果、成效、局限性及启示，进行了系统论述。1949年10月新中国成立，自此中国共产党由革命党转变为执政党：工作重心从农村转移到城市、工作任务从武装斗争变为经济建设、工作环境由险恶到和平。但当时的干部队伍出现了一些新问题：党员干部来源广，成分杂；干部队伍中官僚主义蔓延；腐败思想开始滋长。毛泽东意识到了这些情况，并从中国封建王朝兴衰更替、国民党腐败误国、中国共产党在战争年代重视反腐败工作取得革命胜利的历史中，更加坚定的将反腐败斗争作为中国共产党执政后的重要工作。1949～1956年毛泽东在反腐实践中逐步形成了一套科学的理论体系，并开展了多种形式的思想政治教育活动，注重思想防腐；发动广大人民群众，采用运动方式反腐；疏通多种监督渠道，依靠民主力量治腐；率先垂范，树立廉洁奉公典范。1949～1956年毛泽东的反腐败斗争对当时的中国社会产生了极大的积极影响：加强了领导干部对贪腐的心理约束；增强了民众对共产党执政的信心；丰富了共产党开展反腐败斗争的经验。但也有其不可避免的历史局限性：过度依赖大规模群众性政治运动方式反腐，出现了过“左”的倾向；反腐败出现了扩大化的现象，对社会生产和生活产生了负面影响；对依靠民主法制建设反腐败的重要性认识不足。1949～1956年毛泽东的反腐败理论在实践中取得了重大胜利，并积累了宝贵的经验，这些历史经验对指导新时期的反腐败工作具有极大的启示：筑牢“不愿腐败”的思想防线；建设“不能腐败”的制度体系；完善“不敢腐败”的惩治机制；落实“首长负责”的反腐责任制度。

Corruption is a headache problem to each national ruler, which violate the nature and purpose of Communist Party of China. If the work of anti-corruption is not doing well, it will produce fatal injuries; even affect the survival of nation and party. The Communist Party of China regards the anti-corruption as an unremittingly work during the process of revolution and construction. Especially in the founding of new china, faced with the complicated domestic and international environment, Mao Zedong pays more attention to strength the struggle of anti-corruption. This study mainly used literature and analytical induction methods. Through the methods we can receive a systematic exposition of the reasons of Mao Zedong to emphasize the anti-corruption and the main content, practical results, effectiveness, limitations and enlightenment of the idea of anti-corruption. Communist Party of China turns revolutionary party into a ruling party after the New China was founded in October 1949. The focus of work is from rural to urban, the task of work is from armed struggle to economic construction and the working environment is from sinister to peace. But there are some new issues appeared in the cadres: the source of the cadres is widened; the bureaucracy is prevailed among the cadres; the ideas of corruption began to grow. Mao Zedong realizes the situation and more determined to regard the struggle against corrupt as the main work of Communist Party of China through the rise and fall of dynasties, the KMT’s corruption damage the nation, the history of emphasis on the revolution’s victory of the anti-corruption work leaded by CPC during the war years.The practice of the whole party and national people against the corrupt under the leadership of Mao Zedong from 1949 to 1956 has formed a systemic anti-corruption theory, which uses various political education activities to prevent the corruption of the thought, mobilizes people that take movable manner to prevent the corruption, depends on democratic forces to prevent the corruption by dredge the multiple channels of supervision, and sets an example to establish a model of integrity.Mao Zedong’s struggle against corrupt from 1949 to 1956 has great positive effects on Chinese society at that time, which enhances leading cadres’ psychological constraints for corruption, strengthens the masses of people’s confidence in the governance by the communist party, and improves opportunities of the communist party’s struggle against corruption. However, it also has inevitable historical limitations. There is an over-dependence on the masses of people’s political movement to struggle against corruption. The left-tendency once appears. The struggle against corruption is broadened, which has negative effects on social production and life. It is important to struggle against corruption by the construction of democracy and the rule of law while the cognizance for it is insufficient. Mao Zedong’s anti-corruption theory from 1949 to 1956 achieved a great victory in the practice and accumulated valuable experiences, which give us great enlightenment to struggle against the corrupt in the new era. The enlightenment include: Reinforce the ideological defense of “unwilling to corruption”; build the system of thought of “unable to corrupt”; an improve the institutional system of “fear to corrupt”; and fulfill the Anti-corruption responsibility system of “duty to the director”.