对于汉语学习者来说，书写汉字是在学习汉语过程中比较困难但却尤为重要的一个环节。尤其对于非汉字文化圈的欧美汉语学习者来说，由于本国的文字与汉字相差甚远，从而导致了其对汉字认知识别和书写等多方面的问题。一些未接触过汉语的人或者零基础的汉语学习者会本能地将汉字认作图画，并且按照画画的方式来“画”汉字或者其书写的笔画特征更倾向于字母形式。这些现象均说明了母语文字书写层面上迁移的存在，但在对于迁移和逆反效应的研究中却很少见到文字书写层面上的研究。因此，本研究结合了动态和静态两种研究方法从书写方式和书写结果两个角度探讨了不同文字书写系统书写习惯之间的相互影响，从而丰富相关理论，并为汉字教学提供建议。 研究一检验了笔画和部件动态书写方式上母语文字书写习惯的迁移和二语文字书写习惯的逆反效应。该研究共有34名意大利语母语者被试，被试需完成含有中文和意大利文两种文字的抄写任务。根据Anoto数码笔记录下的被试全部的书写过程，经统计整理后计算得到不同文字书写体系不同书写方式（左右向：从左往右、左右混写和从右往左；内外向：从外往内、内外混写和从内往外）的书写倾向及不同书写方式的汉字笔顺书写正确率。通过不同语言间、未学过和学过汉语组间书写倾向的比较分析，结果主要发现，左右向和内外向文字的书写习惯均出现了母语文字书写习惯的迁移现象，其中内外向文字的书写习惯还出现了二语文字书写习惯的逆反效应。该结果说明笔画和部件的书写层面上确实同时存在母语文字书写习惯的迁移和逆反两种效应。其次，与结构相关的文字间书写习惯的相互作用还受到学习经历的影响。 研究二检验了静态书写结果层面上母语文字书写习惯的迁移和二语文字书写习惯的逆反效应。抄写任务不变，但在该研究中加入了两个相似度判定任务：文字形状相似度的视觉识别任务和书写结果形状相似度的判定任务。形状相似度判定任务结果发现，中、意被试对于中、意文字间形状相似度的视觉识别结果比较一致，并无明显区别。书写结果相似度判定是由11名从事过与汉语教学相关的工作的判定者对34名被试的书写结果进行相似度评定，得到每位被试每对文字组的书写结果相似度。通过比较学习汉语前后以及不同书写结果相似度之间的差异，发现只有在形状上中、意视觉识别相似度高的文字，在学习汉语之后的书写结果相似度有显著的降低，而视觉识别相似度中或低的文字，学习汉语前后的书写结果之间没有显著变化。也就是说只有当中、意文字间有很高的视觉识别相似度时，才会出现母语文字书写习惯的迁移。 综上，本研究从书写过程中动态笔顺和静态书写结果两个层面，通过抄写任务、文字形状相似度的判定任务，发现了母语文字书写习惯的迁移和二语文字书写习惯的逆反效应。并且还总结了影响二语文字书写习惯之间相互作用的不同因素。

Learning how to write Chinese characters is an inevitably tough but significant phase for Chinese learners. Especially for those from non-Chinese culture circle, Europe and America, numerous problem of understanding and writing Chinese characters will happen, because of the huge distance of their language and letters from Chinese language and scripts. Some who have never learned about Chinese language or some Chinese learners at basic level would regard Chinese characters as pictures instinctively and would write Chinese characters in a drawing way or in a letter-shape way. These phenomena proved the existence of the transfer of mother language’s writing habit. However, it is still rare to find the similar investigation through observing and analyzing the writing process and result. Therefore, in order to enrich the theory of language transfer and second language effect and to provide the teaching of Chinese characters with proper advice, this research is going to explore the interaction between languages with the concentration on the writing order and output results. StudyⅠtested the transfer of mother language’s writing habit and the effect of the second language’s writing habit at the stroke and component level. There are 34 participants who need to complete a copying test with Italian letters and Chinese characters. Through observing and analyzing videos recorded by the digital pen Anoto, the writing inclination of different writing method (Left-Right Direction: from left to right , left-right mixed and from right to left; Outside-Inside Direction: from outside to inside, outside-inside mixed and from inside to outside) of different language and the accuracy of writing order of Chinese characters have been calculated in order to make comparative analysis on writing tendency of different languages and on two groups of participants. The main result is that the transfer effect of mother language’s writing habit was found both in the writing habits of Left-Right Direction and the Outside-Inside Direction and the reverse effect of the second language’s writing habit was also found in the the Outside-Inside Direction writing habit. This result states clearly that at the level of strokes and components, it does exist both the transfer and the reverse effect. In addition, the interaction of the writing habit between Italian letters and Chinese characters was influenced by the studying experience. StudyⅡexamined the interaction between languages at the level of the shape of the writing output. This two studies share the same copying task. Whereas, in this study, there are two added tasks: the judging task of letter-character shape similarity and the judging task of writing results’ similarity. Through the judging task of letter-character shape similarity, it is interesting to find out that there is no significant difference on the cognition of the shape’s similarity between Chinese and Italian. As for the judging task of writing results’ similarity, 11 judgers who had the experience of teaching Chinese were involved to judge the similarity of the writing results in the copying task. And the judging results were used to make comparative analysis between two groups of participants and between three different levels of letter-character similarity: low, middle and high. The outcome was that only in the group of high letter-character shape similarity, the letter-character shape similarity of the group without Chinese background is significantly higher than the other group, which indicates that only when there is a great similarity between Chinese characters and Italian letters, could the transfer effect of the shape similarity exist. In conclusion, this research found both the transfer and reverse effect of mother language and the second language’s writing habit were found at the levels of stroke and the whole character, through observing and analyzing the copying and judging tasks completed by participants. In addition, we also found some factors that influence the interaction of the writing habit between Italian letters and Chinese characters.