富含氨氮的集中养殖废水处理是当今污水处理的重要课题之一，对地表水体富营养化控制具备重要意义。本文以某大型养牛场废水为研究对象，以给水厂污泥（WTRs）为介质，构建垂直流人工湿地模拟系统，考察湿地脱氮效果与菌群分布特征。在间歇曝气和间歇进水的两级垂直流湿地中，通过模拟实验，考察了主要污染物特别是氮的去除效果。采用分子生物学方法，分析了湿地脱氮菌群的丰度、多样性和活性，确定了主要脱氮菌群。从微生物生态学角度，探讨了湿地脱氮机制，为高浓度养殖废水脱氮处理提供了理论依据。本文的研究成果主要如下：1. 间歇曝气和间歇进水创造了交替的湿地好氧和缺氧环境，为硝化和反硝化反应创造了有利条件。在近1年的运行期内湿地出水pH在7.50-9.00之间，适宜于高氨氮废水的脱氮作用。在两级湿地中，总悬浮物的去除率分别为84.1%和92.6%，CODcr去除率为58.70%和60.45%，总磷去除率92.7%和96.9%，总氮去除速率23.08 N m-3 d-1和25.08 N m-3 d-1，氨氮去除速率24.44 N m-3 d-1和23.09 N m-3 d-1。2. 氨氧化细菌（AOB）amoA基因、亚硝酸氧化菌（NOB）nxrA基因和反硝化细菌nosZ基因在湿地中广泛分布。AOB多样性为1.28-1.57，其序列均属于-亚纲Nitrosomonas。NOB多样性为1.25-1.88，其序列均属Nitrobacter winogradskyi 菌属。反硝化细菌多样性为1.31-1.60，其序列主要归属于 α-和β-变形菌门。在一级间歇曝气湿地中菌群多样性基本稳定，而在二级间歇进水湿地中多样性沿基质深度呈下降趋势。3. 湿地中AOB amoA基因丰度为4.40×104-2.31×105 copies g-1 DW，NOB nxrA基因丰度为5.02×105-1.62×106 copies g-1 DW，反硝化细菌nosZ基因丰度为3.09×105-4.45×107 copies g-1 DW。氨氧化细菌、亚硝酸氧化细菌和反硝化细菌丰度沿基质深度呈缓慢下降的变化趋势，其中，在间歇曝气湿地中丰度变化较小，在间歇进水湿地中变化明显。4. 湿地不同深度的氨氧化势（PAO）为118.58-171.24 ng NO2--N g DW h-1 ，亚硝酸氧化势（PNO）为3.88-5.44 mg NO2--N g DW h-1，反硝化势（PDN）为17.27-24.11 mg NO2--N g DW h-1。PAO、PNO和PDN沿基质深度呈现缓慢下降趋势，其中，间歇曝气湿地变化较小，而间歇进水湿地变化较明显。

The treatment of livestock wastewater rich in ammonia nitrogen is one of the important topic in today's wastewater treatment. It is of great significance to control the eutrophication of surface waters. In this study, laboratory scale WTRs-based vertical flow constructed wetlands were constructed to investigate the treatment efficiency for cattle farm wastewater and bacterial distribution. Through simulation experiment, the removal rates of main pollutants especially nitrogen were explored in intermittent aeration and batch mode vertical flow wetlands. And molecular techniques were applied to investgate the characteristics of the diversities, abundances and activities of ammonia oxidizing bacteria (AOB), nitrite oxidizing bacteria (NOB) and denitrifying bacteria. From the point of view of microbial ecology, nitrogen removal mechanism of the wetland were discussed, which can provide theoretical basis for the nitrogen removal of high strength livestock wastewater treatment. The main results of this study are as follows:1. The operation conditions were beneficial to nitrification and denitrification in WTRs-based constructed wetlands. Alternate aerobic/anoxic condition in intermittent aeration constructed wetland (IACW) and batch influent constructed wetland (VFCW) meet the oxygen demand of the system. The pH values (7.50-9.00) in the system were suitable for denitrification of high-strength cattle farm wastewater. The average removal efficiencies of total suspended solids and CODcr in IACW were 84.10% and 58.70% while those in VFCW were 92.61% and 60.45%. The average total phosphorus removal efficiency exceed 92%, which was stable and efficient. The average removal rates of total notrogen and ammonia nitrogen in IACW were 23.08 N m-3 d-1 and 24.44 N m-3 d-1 while those in VFCW were 25.08 N m-3 d-1 and 23.09 N m-3 d-1. 2. All of the AOB amoA gene, NOB nxrA gene and denitrifying bacteria nosZ gene were detected in in different depths of the wetland systems. The diversity of AOB ranged from 1.28 to 1.57, and all AOB within Nitrosomonas of -subclass. The diversity of NOB varied from 1.25 to 1.88, and all NOB were affiliated with the Nitrobacter winogradskyi genus. The diversity of denitrifying bacteria was in the range of 1.31-1.60, and all the denitrifying bacteria were affiliated with α- and β-Proteobacteria. The spatial distribution had minor effects on the diversities in the IACW system. However, the diversities in VFCW showed decreasing trend with depths change.3. The abundance of AOB amoA gene varied from 4.40×104-2.31×105 copies g-1 DW, NOB nxrA gene abundance ranged from 5.02×105-1.62×106 copies g-1 DW, and nosZ gene abundance changed from 3.09×105 to 4.45×107 copies g-1 DW. There are slight declines in the abundances of AOB, NOB and denitrifying bacteria along the flow direction in IACW while there were obvious change in VFCW.4. Potential for ammonia oxidation (PAO) changed from 118.58 to 171.24 ng NO2--N g DW h-1, potential for nitrite oxidation (PNO) varied from 3.88 to 5.44 mg NO2--N g DW h-1 and potential for denitrification (PDN) were between 17.27 and 24.11 mg NO2--N g DW h-1 in WTRs-based constructed wetlands. Spatial variations were noted for both PAO, PNO and PDN, and they showed a decreasing trend along the flow direction.