工作与生活是人们满足物质和精神需求的重要领域，也是作为“经济人”和“社会人”所应承担的责任。然而，快节奏的生活和“996”工作压力的渲染，使得人们在工作与生活当中的冲突日渐严重，这演变成一种新的社会风险。这一新的风险是源于个体时间资源的约束性，有限的时间很难同时满足来自工作与生活方面的需求，时间如何配置是影响工作与生活平衡感的基础因素之一，且在传统性别观念的影响下，男性和女性在时间如何配置方面是存在较大的差异的。高校教师作为典型的脑力劳动者，其特殊的工作性质使得其工作与生活的边界是模糊的，这一群体的工作与生活平衡感值得关注。对工作与生活平衡的探索和研究，宏观上有助于平衡好国家经济发展和民生福祉，微观上有利于平衡好个体在家庭和劳动力市场中的角色冲突，提升幸福感。

本研究关注到高校专任教师工作与生活平衡感的性别差异问题，尝试使用大规模调研数据，基于角色理论和资源保存理论，从工作时间配置的视角来探讨这一问题。工作时间配置包括绝对工作时长和工作时间分配结构两个方面，揭示其在性别和工作与生活平衡感之间的作用，丰富工作时间配置、工作与生活平衡感的相关研究，为提升高校教师的工作与生活平衡感提供指导与借鉴。本研究数据来源于国家自然科学基金面上项目《“双一流”建设背景下高校教师工资制度改革研究》，面向全国各地“双一流”与非“双一流”高校教师及行政人员发放问卷，本研究仅关注到公立本科高校的专任教师，最终选取有效样本1785个，样本特征分布基本合理。

通过定量研究方法，对高校专任教师工作与生活平衡感和工作时间配置问题进行较为全面、系统的分析。首先，利用描述性统计对不同特征高校教师的工作与生活平衡感和工作时间配置的性别差异进行分析。其次，运用多元线性回归分析了性别对工作与生活平衡感的影响以及工作时间配置对工作与生活平衡感的影响。最后，用中介效应检验方法分析工作时间配置在性别和工作与生活平衡感间的中介作用。综合以上分析，得出以下主要研究结论：（1）不同特征高校教师的工作与生活平衡感呈现差异性，重点人群值得关注，比如中青年教师、西部地区教师、男讲师、女副教授、未婚和多子女的男教师、人文艺术学科领域的男教师、“双一流”高校中的女教师；（2）高校教师工作时间配置不尽合理，有待优化；（3）教师工作激励导向存在扭曲：教师科研投入越多，工作与生活平衡感越好；人才培养投入越多，工作与生活平衡感越差。（4）高校教师在行政事务上的投入越多，工作与生活平衡感越低；（5）西部地区高校教师行政事务时长及其占比过高，与东中部形成鲜明对比。基于以上结论，本研究围绕“为重点人群提供相关支持”、“鼓励发挥家庭支持的促进作用”、“合理设定科研考核指标，重视人才培养和社会服务工作”以及“西部地区高校要加大去行政化改革”四个方面提出了相关政策建议。

Work and life are important areas for people to meet material and spiritual needs, and they are also the responsibility of being an “economic man” and a “social man”. However, the fast-paced life and the exaggeration of the “996” work pressure have made the conflict between people's work and life increasingly serious, which has evolved into a new social risk. This new risk stems from the constraints of individual time resources. It is difficult for limited time to meet the needs of work and life at the same time. How time is allocated is one of the basic factors that affect the sense of balance between work and life. Under the influence of ideas, there is a big difference between men and women in how to allocate time. As a typical mental worker, college teachers’ special nature of work makes the boundary between work and life blurred. This group’s sense of work-life balance is worthy of attention. The exploration and research on work-life balance will help balance the country’s economic development and people’s livelihood at the macro level, and at the micro level will help balance the conflicts between the roles of individuals in the family and the labor market and enhance happiness.

This research focuses on the gender difference in the sense of balance between work and life of full-time teachers in colleges and universities, and tries to use survey data to explore this issue from the perspective of working time allocation based on role theory and resource preservation theory. Working time allocation includes two aspects: absolute working hours and working time allocation structure, revealing its role in gender and work-life balance, enriching related research on working time allocation, work-life balance, and improving the quality of college teachers. Provide guidance and reference for work-life balance. The data of this research comes from the general project of the National Natural Science Foundation of China Research on the Reform of University Teacher Salary System in the Context of “Double First Class Construction”. Questionnaires were issued to teachers and administrators of both “Double First Class” and “non-Double First Class” universities across the country. The research only focused on full-time teachers in public undergraduate universities, and finally selected 1,785 effective samples, with the distribution of sample characteristics basically reasonable.

Through quantitative research methods, a more comprehensive and systematic analysis of the work-life balance and working time allocation of college full-time teachers. First, use descriptive statistics to analyze the gender differences in the work-life balance and working time allocation of university teachers with different characteristics. Secondly, using multiple linear regression to analyze the impact of gender on work-life balance and the impact of work time allocation on work-life balance. Finally, the mediating effect test method is used to analyze the mediating effect of working time allocation on gender and work-life balance. Based on the above analysis, the following main research conclusions are drawn: (1) The sense of balance between work and life of college teachers with different characteristics is different, and key groups are worth paying attention to, such as young and middle-aged teachers, teachers in the western region, male lecturers, female associate professors, unmarried and Male teachers with many children, male teachers in the humanities and arts disciplines, female teachers in “double first-class” colleges and universities; (2) The working time allocation of college teachers is not reasonable and needs to be optimized.; (3) Teachers’ work motivation is distorted: the more teachers invest in scientific research, the better their sense of work-life balance; the more they invest in talent training, the worse their sense of work-life balance. (4) The more university teachers invest in administrative affairs, the lower their sense of work-life balance; (5) The length and proportion of administrative affairs of university teachers in the western region is too high, which is in sharp contrast with the eastern and central regions. Based on the above conclusions, This research focuses on “providing relevant support for key populations”, “encouraging the promotion of family support”, “setting scientific research evaluation indicators reasonably, attaching importance to personnel training and social service work”, and “intensifying de-administrative reforms in colleges and universities in the western region” Four aspects put forward relevant policy recommendations.