女性服刑人员是指因犯罪后被人民法院依法判处刑罚而在监狱中执行刑罚的女性。她们的监狱适应问题是刑罚执行领域的重要实践问题，也是具有研究价值的重要学术问题。服刑人员的监狱适应是指服刑人员学习和接受监狱规则、融入监狱生活的过程及结果。本文运用文献调查、问卷调查、访谈等方法研究了我国女性服刑人员监狱适应的状况、模式以及影响因素，并在此基础上提出改善监狱适应的建议。本研究有利于进一步完善监狱适应的理论学说，丰富有关女性服刑人员的理论研究；同时也对实践中完善女性服刑人员的管理措施、提升女性服刑人员的改造质量以及降低重新犯罪的风险有所启发。

本文在结构上共分为六章，在正文六章前设绪论部分。

绪论部分主要分析了研究背景和研究意义，梳理了国内外有关女性服刑人员监狱适应的研究文献，归纳了本研究的主要创新点。

第一章是监狱适应的理论基础。首先，界定了监狱适应的概念。其次，确定了监狱适应的维度。本研究将监狱适应分为五个维度——自尊水平、情绪适应、生活适应、人际适应和未来适应。自尊水平是对自我的整体评价情况以及由此产生的对自我价值感、重要感的体验状况，情绪适应是在监狱中的情绪体验状况，生活适应是对监狱管理和改造的适应情况，人际适应是与其他服刑人员和狱警的相处情况，未来适应是对出狱后生活的态度和规划情况。再次，分析了监狱适应存在的主要模式。最后，阐述了监狱适应剥夺模型、输入模型和综合模型的理论学说，并在此基础上构建了研究监狱适应影响因素的理论框架。

第二章是研究设计。本章第一节首先明确了研究内容、研究方法和总体的研究步骤。本文采取质性与量化研究相结合的方法，按照女性服刑人员监狱适应的状况特征—主要模式—影响因素—对策建议的思路开展研究。第二节进一步阐述了具体的质性研究设计和量化研究设计。

第三章是女性服刑人员监狱适应的状况。研究发现女性服刑人员的情绪适应水平整体较低，自尊水平、生活适应、人际适应和未来适应状况整体较好，但都存在一定的适应问题。女性服刑人员的自尊水平整体较高，但监狱生活仍然对自尊造成一定负面影响。在情绪适应方面，虽然多数女性服刑人员对监狱环境的满意度和安全感较强，但劳动和减刑问题造成的不良情绪突出，亲情分离带来的悲伤体验明显，人际关系矛盾则使厌恶和愤怒情绪显著增多。在生活适应方面，女性服刑人员初入监时适应监狱管理存在较多困难，但整体上看其服从监狱管理的程度较高，违反监规纪律的行为较轻微。绝大多数女性服刑人员都能积极参与劳动并有所收获，但同时也存在劳动压力大、学习劳动技能困难、劳动质量较差、机械性劳动影响心理健康、抵触和逃避劳动的现象时有发生、与劳动相关的人际矛盾频发等问题。不同女性服刑人员也在教育学习中有所收获，但在目前重生产、轻教育的大背景下，教育学习效果不甚理想。在人际适应方面，女性服刑人员之间能够维持基本和谐的人际关系，但这种和谐关系主要建立在利益制衡之上。其人际适应仍存在缺乏信任感、缺乏稳定性、琐事引发的矛盾频繁等问题。服刑人员之间的人际关系类型多属于同伴互助型，但也存在自我孤立型、制造麻烦型、普通朋友型、同性依恋型和同性恋型。相比之下，女性服刑人员与狱警的相处反而更为融洽，但二者的关系也更加复杂。服刑人员对狱警既表现出服从、讨好、依赖，也表现出轻视、抗争、利用。在未来适应方面，女性服刑人员对释放后重新适应社会比较有信心，但她们对未来仍缺乏明确规划，且部分女性存在释放焦虑。

第四章是女性服刑人员监狱适应的模式。研究发现女性服刑人员的适应模式可以分为适应良好型、适应一般型、内化适应不良型、外化适应不良型和多重适应不良型。适应良好型群体在监狱适应的各方面都处于较高水平，此类群体可进一步分为自主导向型适应良好和功利导向型适应良好两种类型。适应一般型群体的适应状况也较为理想，但她们有时因为能力上的不足或疏忽而出现一些违规行为。内化适应不良型群体将消极情绪指向自身，以损害、贬斥自身作为宣泄消极情绪的途径，但她们很少实施破坏监管秩序的行为。外化适应不良型群体将消极情绪指向外部，以不恰当的活动和行为作为宣泄消极情绪的途径，此类群体可进一步分为故意对抗型、消极放任型和受挫攻击型三种类型。多重适应不良型群体则兼具内化适应不良和外化适应不良的特征。

第五章是影响女性服刑人员监狱适应的因素。解释监狱适应的理论模型主要包括剥夺模型、输入模型和综合模型，这三者分别关注监狱环境因素、个体背景因素以及两者的共同作用对监狱适应的影响。本研究基于综合模型的思路，探讨了剥夺因素和输入因素对监狱适应的直接和间接影响。研究有以下发现：第一，整体上看剥夺模型对监狱适应的解释力略强于输入模型，但两个模型结合后的解释力大于任何单一模型，说明监狱适应是个人和环境共同作用的结果。第二，从剥夺因素的直接影响看，狱警公正和家庭支持能显著正向预测监狱适应，刑期、已服刑时间和服刑压力能显著负向预测监狱适应。其中，服刑压力对监狱适应的影响最明显。第三，从输入因素的直接影响看，年龄越大、社会经济地位越高、家庭所在地与监狱同省份以及家庭所在地为城镇的女性服刑人员监狱适应水平更高，而已育有子女、成长于双亲家庭和入狱前具有较多被害经历的女性服刑人员监狱适应水平更低。其中，入狱前被害经历对监狱适应的影响最明显。第四，输入模型中的年龄、社会经济地位和入狱前被害经历以及剥夺模型中的刑期、狱警公正、狱警支持、自主给予和家庭支持能够通过服刑压力的中介作用对监狱适应产生显著的间接影响。

第六章是改善女性服刑人员监狱适应的对策。基于上述几章的研究结果，改善女性服刑人员的监狱适应可以从三个方面进行：第一，减轻监狱剥夺的不良影响。可以通过适当减少监禁时间、构建良好的警囚互动关系、合理缓解服刑压力和加强社会帮教等措施减轻女性服刑人员的剥夺感。第二，加强对重点人群的关注。监狱应当更加关注具有不利社会背景、外省籍、已育有子女以及具有被害经历的女性服刑人员，帮助这些存在更多适应困难的群体顺利度过刑期。第三，完善女性服刑人员的改造措施。良好的监狱适应不仅体现为女性服刑人员能够在监狱中正常生活，还体现在她们可以更好地实现再社会化、降低重新犯罪的可能性。因此，监狱可以通过丰富教育改造项目、实施劳动选岗制度、加强职业技能教育、开展社会技能训练等措施进一步提升女性服刑人员的改造效果。

Female inmates refer to women who have been sentenced by the people’s courts in accordance with law for committing crimes and serve sentences in prison. Their prison adaptation is an important practical issue in the field of punishment enforcement, and it is also an academic issue with research value. Prison adaptation refers to the process and result of inmates learning and accepting prison rules and integrating into prison life. This paper uses literature surveys, questionnaire surveys, interviews and other methods to study the status, modes and predictors of prison adaptation of female inmates in China, and then puts forward suggestions for enhancing their prison adaptation. This study is conducive to improving the theoretical theories of prison adaptation and enriching the theoretical research on female inmates. Besides, the study also has implications for improving the management and reformation measures of female inmates and thus reducing the risk of re-offending.

This paper is divided into six chapters, the introduction part is set before the six chapters of the main text.

The introduction part analyzes the background and significance of this study, conducts literature review at home and abroad, and summarizes the main innovation points of this research.

The first chapter is the theoretical basis of prison adaptation. First, the concept of prison adaptation is defined. Second, the dimensions of prison adaptation are identified. This study focuses on five dimensions of prison adaptation—self-esteem level, emotional adaptation, life adaptation, interpersonal adaptation and future adaptation. Self-esteem is the overall evaluation of the self and the sense of self-worth and importance. Emotional adaptation is the emotional experience in prison. Life adaptation is the adaptation to prison management and reformation. Interpersonal adaptation is the relationship with other prisoners and prison officers. And future adaptation is the attitude and planning of life after release. Third, the main modes of prison adaptation are analyzed. Finally, the deprivation model, importation model and integrative model of prison adaptation are discussed, and the theoretical framework for studying the influencing factors of prison adaptation is constructed.

The second chapter is the research design. The first section of this chapter  expounds the research questions, methods and overall procedures. This paper adopts both qualitative and quantitative research methods and conducts research in the sequence of the status, modes, predictors and the improving measures of female inmates’ prison adaptation. The second section further explains the specific qualitative and quantitative research design.

The third chapter is about the status and characteristics of female inmates’ prison adaptation. The study finds that the overall emotional adaptation level of female prisoners is low, and the self-esteem, life adaptation, interpersonal adaptation and future adaptation are generally better, but there are still some adjustment problems. Many female inmates have relatively high self-esteem, but prison life has still made a negative effect on their self-esteem. In terms of emotional adaptation, although most female prisoners have a sense of satisfaction and security with the prison environment, the negative emotions caused by prison labor and commutation problems are prominent, the sadness introduced by the separation of family is obvious, and the interpersonal conflict significantly increases their disgust and anger. In terms of adaptation to life, there are more difficulties for female prisoners to adapt to the strict management when they first enter the prison, but on the whole, the degree of obedience to prison is relatively high, and most disciplinary violations are relatively minor. The vast majority of female prisoners can actively participate in prison labor and benefit from it, but at the same time, there are also some adjustment problems such as suffering from labor pressure, having difficulty in learning skills, having poor labor quality, being institutionalized by doing labor mechanically and repeatedly, resisting and escaping from work and facing frequent interpersonal conflicts related to labor. Different female prisoners have also gained something in education and learning programs, but due to the fact that the prison pay much more attention to the labor and production, the educational learning has not exerted large effects. In terms of interpersonal adaptation, female inmates can basically maintain harmonious relations with each other, but the harmony is mainly based on the balance of interests. Their relationship still lacks trust and stability, and they frequently have confilicts caused by trivialities. Most female inmates are merely mutually-helped partners, but there are also interpersonal types of self isolation, trouble making, ordinary friends, same-sex attachment and homosexuality. In contrast, female inmates and prison officers get along more harmoniously, but the relationship between them is also more complicated. Not only do female prisoners obey, please  and depend on prison officers, but also show contempt, resistance and exploit. In terms of future adaptation, most female inmates are confident about re-adjusting to society after release, but they still lack clear planning for the future, and some women have release anxiety.

The forth chapter is about the adaptation modes of female inmates. It suggests that the adaptation modes include good adaptation, generally-good adaptation, internalized maladaptation, externalized maladaptation and multiple maladaptation. The characteristic of good adaptation is that the psychology and behavior of female prisoners are both coordinated with the prison environment. And this type can be further divided into autonomy-oriented good adaptation and utilitarian-oriented good adaptation. The generally-good adaptation is also relatively ideal, but female follow this pattern have some misconducts due to the lack of ability or negligence. Internalized maladaptation groups vent negative emotions by harming and denigrating themselves, but they rarely disrupt the prison order. Externalized maladaptation groups vent negative emotions by conducting inappropriate or destructive behaviors, and these groups can be further divided into three types: deliberate confrontation, passive permissiveness and frustration to aggression. Finally, multiple maladaptation is characterized by both internalized maladaptation and externalized maladaptation.

The fifth chapter is about the influencing factors of female inmates’ prison adaptation. The theoretical models explaining prison adaptation mainly include deprivation model, importation model and integrative model, which focus on prison environmental factors, individual background factors and the combined effect respectively. Based on the integrative model, this study explores the direct and indirect effects of deprivation factors and importation factors on prison adaptation. The main findings are as follows: First, on the whole, the impact of the deprivation model on prison adaptation is slightly larger than that of the importation model, but the combined effect of the two models is greater than that of either single model, indicating that prison adaptation is the result of the joint influence of individuals and prison environment. Second, from the perspective of the direct effects of the deprivation factors, the perceived justice of prison officers and family support can significantly positively predict prison adaptation, while the sentence length, the time served and the pressure of serving sentences can significantly negatively predict the prison adaptation. Among the deprivation factors, the effect of the pressure of serving sentences is the most obvious. Third, from the perspective of the direct effects of the importation factors, female inmates who are older, who have higher socio-economic status and who lives in urban areas and the same province of the prison can adjust to prison better. On the contrary, female prisoners who have children, were raised by both parents and have more pre-prison victimization experience face more difficulty in adjusting to prison. Among the importation factors, the pre-prison victimization experience has the most obvious impact. Fourth, age, socio-economic status, pre-prison victimization experience, sentence length, the perceived justice, support and autonomy granting of prison officers and perceived family support can also have a significant indirect effect on prison adaptation through the mediating role of the pressure of serving sentences.

      The sixth chapter is about the suggestions for improving the female inmates’ prison adaptation. Based on the findings of the above chapters, we can improve the prison adaptation of female inmates in three aspects: First, to mitigate the adverse effects of prison deprivation. We should appropriately reduce the length of imprisonment, construct good interactions between prison officers and prisoners, reasonably alleviate the pressure of serving sentences and strengthen social help and education. Second, to pay more attention to the vulnerable groups. Prisons and society should pay more attention to female inmates who have disadvantaged social backgrounds, who come from other provinces, who have children and have pre-prison victimization experiences. Third, to improve reformation measures for female prisoners. Good prison adaptation is not only reflected in the fact that female inmates can survive in prison, but also in the fact that they can realize resocialization in prison and reduce the risk of re-offending. Therefore, prisons can further enhance the reformation quality of female prisoners by enriching education reformation programs, implementing the labor selection system, strengthening vocational skills education and carrying out social skills training.