两宋时期的“健讼”问题一直困扰着官府。为此，官方采取多样化的纠纷解决机制试图降低讼案的数量，“健讼”与“息讼”这一对矛盾由此产生。关于宋代“健讼”与“息讼”之间的矛盾可以在讼师这一群体身上集中体现，其不仅可以连接民间与官府，同时作为诉讼的重要参与人对于观察诉讼的形态有着重要价值。因此，本文希望以讼师为研究主体，全面阐释官方和民间对于讼师的不同态度，进而探讨其背后“健讼”与“息讼”之间的博弈和角力。论文主要分为四个部分：

第一部分主要对讼师群体的产生背景和特征进行综述。宋朝时期，经济迅速发展，与此同时，两宋统治集团崇尚文治，大力发展科举制度，“重农抑商”的思想开始发生转变，这都为讼师群体的产生奠定了基础。彼时，讼师在诉讼之中主要承担着三重角色，分别是：“诉讼辅助人”——协助当事人进行诉讼，与官员沟通；“诉讼操纵人”——诱导民众发起诉讼，控制诉讼进程；“助理裁判员”——通过与官员勾结形成利益共同体而影响诉讼结果。

第二部分主要是对官方对讼师的态度及其背后原因进行分析。从制度上的限制以及实践中的抵制可以发现讼师这一群体并不为官府所接受。这主要是由于讼师既不符合士人“天下大同”的理想追求，与彼时官员的“圣贤”理想、父母官思维以及“和谐”的价值追求相抵牾，也不为宋代诉讼的实践模式所接受。无论是“情”“礼”“法”相结合的审判模式还是对于无关助讼之人的惩罚亦或是对于调解的重视均与讼师的行为存在冲突。

第三部分主要是对民间对讼师的态度及其背后原因进行分析。宋代时期，民众对于讼师表现出一种较为矛盾的状态。一方面希望讼师帮助其诉讼，另一方面又对讼师存在厌恶。造成民众对讼师需求的主要原因是，诉讼量的增加，官方辅助诉讼渠道的有限以及胥吏违法问题较为严重。造成民众对讼师厌恶的主要原因是民众担忧自身利益被损害。

第四部分主要是对讼师生存状况背后的“健讼”与“息讼”之间的角力进行分析。官方和民间对讼师不同的态度体现了宋代时期“健讼”与“息讼”的角力：官方所推崇的“无讼”理想在维护社会和谐缓解司法压力方面具有重要的积极意义；但与此同时，这一理想却在一定程度上对法律的地位和民众的权利产生了不利的影响，其集中反映了士大夫的理想与社会现实之间的矛盾。随着经济社会的发展，“无讼”的价值体系已经无法应对大量的诉讼，为此官方在强化“无讼”的价值宣传的同时，也通过强化“乡约”的管理，规范诉讼程序，以及加强宗族治理等方式对“健讼”的现实进行妥协。而就民众而言，其在“健讼”与“息讼”角力的过程中产生了一种较为矛盾的心态，一方面希望通过诉讼维护自身的利益，另一方面又担心因诉讼造成更大的损失。

The issue of "disputartiousness" in the Song Dynasty has always plagued the government. At the same time, the government adopted diversified dispute resolution mechanisms to reduce the number of lawsuits. The contradiction between "disputartiousness" and "dropping of lawsuits" followed. The contradiction between the "disputartiousness" and "dropping of lawsuits" of the Song Dynasty can be reflected in the subject of the pettifogger, which can connect the public and the government with each other. At the same time, as important participants in the litigation, they have important value for observing the form of the litigation. Therefore, this thesis hopes to use pettifogger as the research subject to fully explain the different attitudes of the official and the public of pettifogger. Furthermore, the thesis also hopes to explore the wrestling between the "disputartiousness" and "dropping of lawsuits". The thesis is divided into four parts:

The first part mainly summarizes the background of formation of the group of pettifogger and characteristics of the pettifogger. During the Song Dynasty, the economy developed rapidly. At the same time, the ruling groups advocated the rule of culture and vigorously developed the imperial examination system, the thought of "laying stress on the agriculture and restraining the trade" began to change, which laid the foundation for the generation of the group of pettifogger. At that time, the pettifogger plays three major roles in the litigation: "litigation assistant person"--assisting the parties in litigation and communicate with the officials; the "litigation manipulator"--instigating the public to initiate litigation and controlling the litigation process; the "assistant referees"-- influencing the litigation by forming a community of interests through collusion with the officials.

The second part mainly analyzes the official attitudes of pettifogger and the reason of the attitudes. From the system limitation and the resistance in practice, we can find that the group of pettifogger is not accepted by the government. This is mainly due to the fact that the pettifogger did not meet the ideals of "Tian Xia Da Tong", and contradicted the officials' ideals of "sages", parental thinking, and "harmonious" values. Whether it is a trial mode combining "love", "ceremony", and "law", or the punishment of those who have no relationship with litigation, or the emphasis on mediation, it conflicts with the behavior of the pettifogger.

The third part mainly analyzes the folk attitudes of pettifogger and the reason of the attitudes. In the Song Dynasty, the public showed a more contradictory state to the litigants. On the one hand, they hoped that the pettifogger would help them in the lawsuit, on the other hand, they hated the pettifogger. The main reasons for the public's demand for the pettifogger are the increase in the number of lawsuits, the channels of official auxiliary litigation are limited and the problem of petty officials breaking the law is more serious. The main reason that causes the public to hate the pettifogger is that the public worries about their own interests being damaged.

The fourth part mainly analyzes the wrestling between the "disputartiousness" and the "dropping of lawsuits" behind the living conditions of pettifogger. In the the development of the pettifogger, the struggle between the "disputartiousness" and the "dropping of lawsuits" in the Song Dynasty was concentratedly reflected: the ideal of "non-litigation" advocated by the government has important positive significance in maintaining social harmony and alleviating judicial pressure; at the same time, this ideal has, to a certain extent, adversely affected the status of the law and the rights of the public, and it concentratedly reflects the contradiction between the ideal of scholar-bureaucrat and social reality. With the increasing development of the economy and society, the value system of "non-litigation" has been unable to cope with a large number of lawsuits. For this reason, while strengthening the publicity of the value of "non-litigation", the government also compromised the reality of "disputartiousness" by strengthening the management of "village conventions", standardizing litigation procedures, and strengthening clan governance. As far as the public is concerned, in the process of the "disputartiousness" and the "dropping of lawsuits", they have a relatively contradictory mentality. On the one hand, they hope to protect their own interests through litigation, on the other hand, they are worried about greater losses caused by litigation.