研究目的 平衡能力是人体运动的基础，身体功能性动作表现决定着身体运动预防伤害的能力，太极拳和健身健美是大学生体育课程的重要内容。对大学生进行太极拳和健身健美锻炼，对比运动锻炼前后平衡能力、功能性动作的变化，讨论运动造成结果差异的原因。为提高平衡能力和身体功能性动作表现提供理论依据，为今后大学开展太极拳和健身健美课程提供实践指导。通过对其的深入研究，可使大学生体育锻炼更科学有效。

研究方法 选取52名和46名无平衡障碍的受试者，分别参与12周太极拳锻炼和健身健美锻炼，并完成运动干预和实验前后测试。对所有受试者进行功能性动作FMS和平衡能力测量，对比运动干预前后平衡能力和功能性动作的变化。使用8个BTS红外高速摄像头对功能性动作进行动作捕捉，应用Anybody7.0仿真软件，对比分析不同分数功能性动作关节角度、关节力和肌肉贡献率的结果。

研究结果

（1）太极拳锻炼后整体稳定性OSI、前后稳定指数API、闭眼硬地双脚站立T2、睁眼软垫双脚站立T3、闭眼软垫双脚站立T4、单腿稳定指数ASOLI、单腿前后稳定指数ASAPI、单腿左右稳定指数ASMLI降低（P＜0.01）,实验后睁眼硬地双脚站立T1降低（P＜0.05），LOS向后方向稳定性得到提高(P＜0.05)，跌倒风险FRT得到了显著降低（P＜0.01）。实验后，前庭觉所占比例在T2和T3测试中下降。

（2）健身健美锻炼明显降低了睁眼硬地双脚站立T1、睁眼软垫双脚站立T3、闭眼软垫双脚站立T4、单腿左右稳定指数ASMLI的分数（P＜0.01），闭眼硬地双脚站立T2降低（P＜0.05），LOS测试所用时间、LOS总分和LOS向后方向的稳定性明显提高（P＜0.05），跌倒风险FRT得到了显著降低（P＜0.01）。受试者在T1和闭眼硬地双脚站立T2中本体感觉占比下降，在T1和T3测试中前庭觉所占比例下降。

（3）太极拳锻炼后肩部灵活性、单腿过栏架及仰卧直抬腿分数提高（P＜0.01）。动作对称比例由5.77%提高到23.08%，仰卧直抬腿动作不对称发生率降低了40.48%，肩部灵活性和单腿过栏架动作不对称发生率分别降低了3.85%和9.63%，FMS总分由13.81±2.59提高为15.84±1.73（P＜0.01）。

（4）健身健美锻炼直线弓箭步、单腿过栏架、仰卧直抬腿、俯卧撑和旋转稳定性动作得到了改善（P＜0.01）。动作对称比例由4.35%提高到19.56%，直线弓箭步动作不对称发生率降低了32.61%，旋转稳定性动作不对称发生率分别降低了10.86%，仰卧直抬腿和单腿过栏架动作不对称发生率分别降低了13.05%和4.34%，FMS总分由12.65±2.21分增加15.46±2.36分（P＜0.01）。

（5）太极拳锻炼比健身健美锻炼对整体稳定性OSI、闭眼硬地双脚站立T2、睁眼软垫双脚站立T3、闭眼软垫双脚站立T4改善效果更明显（P＜0.01），对前后稳定指数API、左右稳定指数MLI指数的改善效果显著（P＜0.05），健身健美锻炼比太极拳锻炼对单脚稳定性ASOSI和单脚前后稳定指数ASAPI指数的改善效果更佳（P＜0.01）。太极拳比健身健美对肩部灵活性和仰卧直抬腿动作的改善效果更显著（P＜0.01），健身健美比太极拳对俯卧撑和旋转稳定性动作的改善效果更显著（P＜0.01）。

（6）深蹲3分动作比1分动作的髋屈曲角度大，导致深蹲动作主要受髋关节垂直方向受力，髋部肌肉的贡献率更大；直线弓步蹲和单腿过栏架的3分动作比1分动作在前腿髋、膝角度更大，髋部肌肉贡献率增加，以支撑髋关节在垂直方向的受力。

研究结论

（1）太极拳锻炼改善了整体姿势稳定、临床感觉综合平衡能力和单脚站立的稳定性，提高了向后方向的身体控制能力，通过提高前庭觉，降低跌倒风险。

（2）健身健美锻炼提高了临床感觉综合平衡能力和单腿左右方向的平衡能力，增强了身体控制速度和向后方向的身体控制能力，通过提高本体感觉和前庭觉能力，降低跌倒风险。

（3）太极拳锻炼通过改善肩部灵活性、单腿过栏架和仰卧直抬腿动作质量，提高了动作表现能力，降低运动受伤的风险，且太极拳锻炼对仰卧直抬腿动作的改善效果最佳。

（4）健身健美锻炼通过改善直线弓箭步、仰卧直抬腿、俯卧撑和旋转稳定性动作质量，提高了动作表现能力，降低运动受伤的风险，健身健美锻炼对直线弓箭步动作改善效果最佳。

（5）太极拳锻炼更能改善姿势稳定、临床感觉综合平衡能力，健身健美锻炼对单腿稳定性、尤其是单腿前后方向的稳定性提高效果更明显。通过锻炼提高平衡能力的同时，太极拳锻炼更能改善肩关节灵活性和仰卧直抬腿动作表现，俯卧撑和旋转稳定动作的动作表现通过健身健美的改善效果更好。

Research purpose：

Research purpose: Balance ability is the foundation of human movement, performance of body functional movements determines the body's ability of injury preventing. Taijiquan and bodybuilding are important contents in college students' physical education courses. Taijiquan and bodybuilding exercises were been performed among college students, to compare the changes in balance ability and functional movements before and after exercise, discussing the reasons for the difference caused by exercise. Provide practical guidance for improving balance ability and functional performance, as well as giving advice to Taijiquan and bodybuilding courses. Through in-depth research on it, it can make college students physical exercise more scientific and effective.

Research methods:

Participants without balance disorder and completed all 12-week intervention and pre- and post-test tests can be selected, 52 and 46 subjects were included in Taijiquan and bodybuilding exercise, respectively. Perform FMS and balance ability measurements on all subjects, and compare the changes in balance ability and function movements before and after exercise intervention. 8 BTS infrared high-speed cameras were used to capture the motion of functional movements. Anybody 7.0 simulation software was used to compare and analyze the results of different scores of functional movement joint angle, joint force and muscle contribution rate.

Result:

(1) Taijiquan group gained significant lower scores in Overall Stability Index (OSI), Anterior/Posterior Index(API), Eye closed firm ground standing test (T2), Eye open soft ground standing test (T3), eye closed soft ground standing test (T4), Athletic Stability Overall in Single Leg Index(ASOLI), Athletic Single Stability in Anterior/Posterior Index(ASAPI), Single-leg stability in medial/lateral Index (ASAPI). Eye Open Firm Ground Test(T1) was decreased (P<0.05)，an improvement in posterior direction in Limit of Stability can be observed,Fall risk test (FRT) was significantly reduced (P <0.01). Proportions of vestibular in T2 and T3 decreased.

(2)Bodybuilding group obtained significant reduced score in Athletic Stability Overall in Eye closed firm ground standing test (T1), Eye open soft ground standing test (T3), eye closed soft ground standing test (T4),Athletic Single Stability in Anterior/Posterior Index(ASAPI) (P <0.01). Eye closed firm ground standing test (T2), Limit of stability overall(LOSO), the time used in LOS, LOS in posterior direction witnessed the improvement after intervention (P <0.05), the Fall risk test(FRT) declined after intervention(P <0.05).The proprioception proportion in T1 and T2, vestibular proportion in T1 and T3 decreased after intervention.

(3) The Taijiquan group's Shoulder flexibility, Single-leg hurdle Step, and Supine straight leg lift scores increased (P<0.01). The proportion of movement symmetry was increased from 5.77% to 23.08%, the incidence of asymmetry of Supine leg raising movement was reduced by 40.48%, the incidence of shoulder flexibility and the asymmetry of Single-leg hurdle Step were reduced by 3.85% and 9.63%, FMS The total score increased from 13.81 ± 2.59 to 15.84 ± 1.73 (P <0.01).

(4) Straight lunges steps, Single-leg hurdle step, Active straight leg lifts, Push-ups, and Rotation stability movements in bodybuilding group were improved (P <0.01). The proportion of symmetrical movements was increased from 4.35% to 19.56%. The incidence of asymmetry in Straight lunges steps movements was reduced by 32.61%. The incidence of asymmetry in straight leg raises and single-leg over-hurdle movements was reduced by 13.05% and 4.34% The score increased from 12.65 ± 2.21 points to 15.46 ± 2.36 points (P<0.01).

(5)Taijiquan exercise has a better improvement in Overall stability index(OSI),Overall in Eye open firm ground standing test (T2), Eye open soft ground standing test (T3), eye closed soft ground standing test (T4) than bodybuilding（P<0.01）,a higher improvement can be witnessed in Anterior/Posterior Index(API) and Medial/lateral Index(MLI)（P<0.05）. Bodybuilding can better enhance Athletic Single Stability in Anterior/Posterior Index(ASAPI) and Athletic Single Stability in Medial/lateral Index(ASMLI) than Taijiquan (P＜0.01). Taijiquan has a more significant improvement effect on Shoulder flexibility and Supine straight leg lifting than bodybuilding (P <0.05), bodybuilding has a more significant improvement effect on Push-ups and Rotation stability movements than Taijiquan (P <0.05).

Conclusion:

(1) Taijiquan improves the overall postural stability, clinical sensory balance and single leg stability, enhance the body control ability in the posterior direction.By enhance vestibular,Taijiquan reduced the risk of falling.

(2) Bodybuilding exercises enhanced single leg stability, the  clinical sensation balance and single leg stability in left and right direction, enhanced the body's control speed and body control ability in the backward direction. By improving the proprioception and vestibular sense ability, reduce the risk of falling.

(3) Taijiquan exercise improves the performance performance and reduces the risk of sports injuries by improving shoulder flexibility, single leg hurdles step and straight leg lifting.Straight leg lifting improved the most after Taijiquan.

(4) Fitness and bodybuilding exercises improve the performance performance of straight-line lunge, straight leg lift, push-ups and rotation stability, and reduce the risk of sports injuries. Bodybuilding exercises have the best effect on improving straight-line lunge movements.

(5) Taijiquan exercise has better effect on posture stability and clinical sense comprehensive balance ability improvement. Fitness and bodybuilding exercise has more obvious effect on the single leg stability, especially the stability of the anterior direction of single leg. While improving balance ability through exercise, Taijiquan exercise can better been used to improve shoulder joint flexibility and straight-leg lifting performance. The performance of push-ups and rotation stability movements can be better enhanced through fitness and bodybuilding.