粮食安全是关乎国计民生的大事。在全球人口持续增长、而土地数量有限的背景下，依托技术进步固然能够提高作物产量、进而提升粮食安全保障，但如果不能做好从田野到餐桌的全过程粮食高效利用，解决全球人口的基本吃饭问题仍然面临困难。因此，了解全球的粮食生产和粮食损失状况，探寻最大限度减少粮食损失的对策，对于人类社会的可持续发展具有重要意义。

本文利用联合国粮农组织和世界银行的相关统计数据，分析以水稻、小麦、玉米、土豆四种主粮为代表的全球粮食生产和粮食损失特征，并进一步揭示粮食损失的影响因素，得到的主要结论为：

1.四种主粮的世界总产量大小依次为玉米、小麦、水稻、土豆，玉米主产地为美洲和亚洲，小麦在领土大国的总产量较高，水稻主产地集中在东亚和东南亚地区，土豆总产量北半球多、南半球少，最大的主粮生产地为亚洲。

2.玉米单产量高的是中亚和西亚，小麦单产量高的为西欧和非洲个别国家，而水稻和土豆在发达国家的单产量较高。

3.对于全球大部分国家/地区来说，水稻、玉米、土豆的总产量和单产量呈现同高或同低特点，而小麦的总产量和单产量则呈现一高一低的特点。东亚和东南亚为全球水稻的综合优势产地，中国和欧洲的小麦生产具有综合优势，玉米和土豆的综合优势产地均为北美洲。

4.四种主粮中，土豆的损失率明显高于水稻、小麦和玉米，亚洲和非洲的水稻损失率及小麦损失率、非洲和北美洲的玉米损失率及土豆损失率、以及南美洲的土豆损失率均超出世界平均水平。

5.政府支出中的农业占比、营养不良率与粮食损失率为正相关关系，单产量、人均国民收入与粮食损失率为负相关关系，各因素对损失率的影响程度依次为：营养不良率>人均国民收入>政府支出的农业占比>单产量。

6.人均国民收入对粮食损失的影响存在阶段性差异，收入低于20000美元时，粮食损失率最高值随收入增高而降低；而在收入超出20000美元后，各种作物的损失率出现了较大幅度波动，甚至有一定的上升趋势。

Food security is a major issue concerning national economy and people’s livelihood. Faced with growing population and limited land, we should stay committed to efficiently utilizing food from fields to the dinner tables, minimizing losses along the food supply chain while enhancing overall food production capacities, so as to adequately feed the world’s population and move towards sustainable development.

Using statistics from FAO and the World Bank, this study analyzed the characteristics of global food production and losses represented by rice, wheat, maize and potatoes, and analyzed the influencing factors of food losses. The main conclusions are as follows: ①In 2016, Asia was the largest producer of staple food. The total production quantity of these four food products successively were maize, wheat, rice and potatoes. Maize was mainly grown in America and Asia. The production quantity of wheat was higher in countries with larger territory. The main producing areas of rice were concentrated in East and Southeast Asia. The total production quantity of potatoes varied significantly between the northern and southern hemispheres, with the former one higher. ②Areas with high production quantity of maize were located in central and western Asia, while those with higher production quantity of wheat were in Western Europe and some African countries. Rice and potatoes had higher yields in developed countries. ③For most countries/regions in the world, the production quantities and yields of rice, maize and potatoes were at the same level, while wheat showed different levels of these two agricultural elements. East and Southeast Asia were still the world’s comprehensive dominant producers of rice. China and Europe owned a promising situation of wheat production. North America occupied the advantaged position on production of both maize and potatoes. ④The loss percentage of potatoes is noticeably higher than those of rice, wheat and maize. The loss percentages of rice in Asia, four food products in Africa, maize and potatoes in North America, and potatoes in South America were all above the world average. ⑤The agriculture share of government expenditure and the prevalence of undernourishment were both positively correlated with the loss percentage, while GNI per capita and yield was negatively correlated with it. The influencing degrees of each factor on the loss percentage successively were the prevalence of undernourishment, GNI per capita, the agricultural share of government expenditure and yield. ⑥The impact of GNI per capita on loss percentage varied by two stages. When GNI per capita was below $20,000, the maximum value of loss percentages decreased as it increased. When this economic indicator exceeded $20,000, the loss percentages of some food products fluctuated greatly, with the scatter diagrams of wheat and maize showing an upward trends.