在宋代的军事建设体系中，马政占据着重要的地位，而养马于民是宋代马政的一大特点。北宋前期，军马来源以牧监养马为主，宋初的民间养马业虽然已有一定的规模，但并未受到宋政府的重视，为了限制民间养马的发展，北宋前中期颁布了一批限制民间私市马匹的法条。在官营养马业发展的过程中，面临着日益严重的农牧争地问题，牧监难以为继；同时两宋市马也存在诸多的问题，宋代的官营养马业走向衰落。宋代马政随之出现了新的变化，国家开始重视民间养马业的发展，减少对于民间养马的限制，鼓励民户畜养马匹供国家所用，民间养马的规模随之增长。仁宗朝后，国家缺马的问题越加严重，官员们提出有关民间养马制度的设想并进行了初步的实践。王安石变法期间，推行保马法，民间养马走向制度化，形成了民间养马的新模式。保马法在熙丰年间多次变动，从最初官给马的熙宁保马法到按物力自行买马的户马法，再到元丰年间的都保养马法，经历了由自愿转向强制的变化，民间养马制度实质上成为了政府转移养马负担的工具。到徽宗时期，国家马匹几乎全赖民间养马供给，民间养马成为国家用马的主要来源。北宋中后期所行的民间养马制度无疑对于宋代马政及军事产生了深远的影响，但其发展受到诸多因素的制约。国家推行民间养马制度的时候，往往会因操之过急损害民户的利益，使得养马户陷入“养而不得用”的困境。以民间养马这一视角研究，可以更深刻了解宋代马政发展的脉络及宋代民户所处的环境，从而对宋代军制、社会变革等研究作出补充。

In the Song dynasty military construction system, horse politics occupies an important position, and Folk horse breeding is a major feature of the Song dynasty horse politics. In the early Northern Song Dynasty, sources of military horses are mainly government-provided, although the Folk horse breeding industry has a certain scale, but did not receive the attention of the Song government, in order to limit the development of Folk horse breeding, the Northern Song government promulgated a number of restrictions on the private market of private horses of the laws and regulations. In the process of the development of government horse breeding industry, facing the increasingly serious problem of conflict between developing agriculture or animal husbandry on the same land, Mujian（牧监), the official horse breeding facility. is difficult to sustain; at the same time the Song government’s horse trading also has many problems, the song dynasty official horse breeding industry decline. Song dynasty horse politics then appeared a new change, the government began to pay attention to  the development of the Folk horse breeding industry, reduce the restrictions on Folk horse breeding, to encourage the people to raise horses for the state to use, the scale of Folk horse breeding grew. After the Renzong（仁宗）Dynasty, the government's shortage of horses became more and more serious, and officials put forward the idea of a Folk horse breeding system and carried out the initial practice. During Wang Anshi's Reform, the Baoma reform was implemented, and Folk horse breeding was institutionalized, forming a new model of Folk horse breeding. The Baoma reform changed many times during the Xining（熙宁） and Yuanfeng（元丰） period, from the Xining（熙宁） Baoma reform, in which the government initially gave horses to the people, to the Huma reform, in which the people bought their own horses according to their own material resources, to the Yuanfeng（元丰） Baoma reform, which underwent the change from voluntary to mandatory, and the private horse-keeping system essentially became a tool for the government to transfer the burden of horse-keeping. By the time of Huizong（徽宗）, the national horses were almost entirely supplied by Folk horse breeding, and Folk horse breeding became the main source of national horses. The Folk horse breeding system practiced in themiddle and late Northern Song Dynasty undoubtedly had a far-reaching impact on the horse policy and military of the Song Dynasty, but its development was constrained by a number of factors. When the state implements the Folk horse breeding system, it will often be too hasty to harm the interests of the people's households, so that the households are in the predicament of "raising but not using". The study of horse breeding from the perspective of the Folk sector can provide a deeper understanding of the development of the Song horse policy and the environment in which the private households lived in the Song Dynasty, thus complementing the study of military system and social change Song Dynasty.