自然生态保护是生态文明建设的重要任务，而建立自然保护地是保护有代表性的生态系统和濒危野生动植物的有效手段。中国近几十年保护地建设发展较快，形成了类型多样、分区合理的自然保护地网络。但与此同时，众多保护地内部及周边仍分布有相当数量的原住民村落和家庭，他们的生活生产行为与保护地的生态保护目标之间往往存在一定的矛盾冲突。要缓解原住民对保护地的干扰，就要求我们了解其保护意愿及影响因素，探究其生态保护行为调控路径，以优化相应的政策措施，实现生态保护和经济社会发展的双赢。

本文基于环境经济学、行为经济学理论对保护地原住民生态保护意愿和行为方式展开了研究：遵循理论假设–实证分析的研究范式，首先提出保护地原住民生态保护行为理论框架并通过案例地实证分析予以验证；其次揭示原住民对生态保护的支付意愿及其影响因素；进而建立生态保护支付意愿、生态保护行为意向和生态保护行为之间的有机联系；最后引入保护政策变量，探究其对原住民生态保护支付意愿、生态保护行为意向以及生态保护行为的调控作用并提出政策建议。主要研究成果如下：

本文提出了保护地原住民生态保护行为理论框架：基于计划行为理论对农牧民保护行为意向和保护行为的关键影响因素及其作用路径进行假设，即包括行为态度（对生态保护行为的看法和好恶）、主观规范（感知到的保护激励和压力）、感知行为控制（感知到的行为执行能力大小和难易程度）在内的保护认知因素对保护行为意向，以及保护行为意向对保护行为落实存在正向影响；同时扩展引入涵盖人力、物质、自然、金融和社会资本的客观生计资本变量，提出生计资本对认知因素存在正向影响，从而间接促进保护意向和保护行为提升。

本文以贵州省赤水市多类型保护地和青海省三江源国家公园为案例地，对保护地内及周边原住民展开问卷调查，分别获取有效问卷302份和123份。各案例地行为结构方程实证结果检验了理论框架路径的显著性，其中不同保护认知因素对保护行为意向的贡献在两地也表现出一定的差异。在赤水市案例地，农户的主观规范对保护行为意向贡献最大，标准化路径系数为0.32，其次是行为态度（0.29）和感知行为控制（0.24）；这可能缘于中国大部分农村地区家庭、村落之间存在相对密切的联系，有利于生态友好整体氛围形成及邻里间相互参照，从而激发原住民的保护意愿。在三江源国家公园，牧民的感知行为控制主导其保护行为意向（0.44），行为态度次之（0.40），显示出当地牧民较好地传承了敬畏自然的传统生态文化，具有自发的保护意识和较强的主观能动性；主观规范贡献最小（0.21）。

本文开展了原住民对防止当地生态退化（即生态保护）支付意愿的实证分析。在赤水市案例地，使用选择实验法，设计了以不同保护面积或保护强度水平作为关键属性的保护方案，调查农户对当地四类重要保护地的保护偏好和支付意愿。随机参数模型估计结果显示，长江上游珍稀特有鱼类国家级自然保护区赤水段全面禁渔时间每多实施1年、赤水国家级风景名胜区丹霞地貌保护面积每少退化10%，农户的边际支付意愿分别为40元/（户?年）和118元/（户?年）；桫椤国家级自然保护区和竹海、燕子岩国家森林公园保护面积的变化对农户选择则没有显著影响。通过潜在类别模型进一步将受访农户分为保护偏好组和发展偏好组：前者对于长江鱼类保护区、风景名胜区丹霞地貌和桫椤保护区的保护均有显著的选择倾向，农户对于保护面积或保护强度边际变化的支付意愿分别为57元/（户?年）、174元/（户?年）和83元/（户?年）；后者由于收入、受教育水平、保护认知水平显著较低，无显著生态保护支付意愿。在三江源国家公园，使用支付卡式条件价值法评估了牧户对生态保护的支付意愿，支付下限非参数估计和最小二乘参数估计所得牧户家庭对防止国家公园生态退化的平均支付意愿分别为111元/（户?年）和82元/（户?年）。同时，家庭规模、收入水平、受教育程度等社会经济特征也显著影响着两地原住民的生态保护支付意愿。

本文进而在行为经济学理论指导下建立了原住民生态保护支付意愿与行为意向、保护行为的有机联系：一方面，在支付意愿计量模型估计中，纳入行为结构方程建模所得行为态度、主观规范和感知行为控制等变量，揭示了上述认知因素对原住民生态保护支付意愿的显著影响；另一方面，通过以支付意愿变量替代生态保护行为结构方程模型中的行为意向变量，验证了支付意愿与行为意向的内在激励同源性及其行为促进作用。在赤水市案例地，农户行为态度和主观规范对支付意愿有显著正向影响；户均支付意愿每提高100元/年，生态保护行为落实程度（李克特量表值1–5）提高0.17个单位。在三江源国家公园，牧民感知行为控制对支付意愿有显著正向影响；户均支付意愿每提高100元/年，生态保护行为落实程度提高0.10个单位。

本文最后评估了重点生态保护政策对原住民生态保护行为和支付意愿的影响。引入政策变量的原住民生态保护行为结构方程模型结果显示，在赤水市案例地，退耕还林和生态护林员岗位设置对农户生态保护行为落实具有显著正向影响：二者的宣传教育功能均能显著提高农户的生态保护认知水平，进而间接促进保护行为落实；二者的生态补偿功能虽对提升农户整体生计资本作用不显著，但也基本弥补了其生计损失；退耕还林的命令控制功能还直接促进了农户保护行为落实，这一直接效应占该两项政策/措施总效应的62%。当地生态移民政策和生态旅游发展对农户保护意愿和行为提升无显著影响。在三江源国家公园，草原生态保护补助奖励和生态管护员岗位设置的宣传教育、生态补偿功能对牧户保护行为的间接影响与赤水相似；草原补奖作用于保护行为的命令控制功能的直接效应占两项政策/措施总效应的26%。引入保护政策变量后对支付意愿计量模型重新估计的结果也发现，退耕还林和生态护林员岗位设置、草原补奖和生态管护员岗位设置分别对提高赤水农户和三江源牧户的生态保护支付意愿有显著正向影响。研究就此对于提高生态保护政策的原住民生态保护意愿激励和行为调控作用提出了建议。

本文从行为经济学和环境经济学生态价值评估理论出发，将保护地原住民生态保护行为模型和支付意愿计量估计有机结合，揭示了生态保护行为意向和生态保护支付意愿的内在激励同源性，验证了所建立的理论框架和多学科交叉研究范式在原住民生态保护意愿、行为调控研究中的适用性和科学性。在我国自然保护地进入全面深化改革新阶段的背景下，本文揭示了原住民的生态保护主观能动性和行为落实对于保护地可持续发展的重要作用，所提出的行为激励政策优化调整建议，可为未来自然保护地生态保护政策制定提供参考。

Natural ecological conservation is one of the most important tasks during China’s ecological civilization, and the establishment of protected areas is the main approach to effectively protect representative natural ecosystems, and rare and endangered species. The construction of protected area experiences rapid development in recent decades, and China has formed a conservation network with relatively complete types and reasonable divisions of natural protected areas. But it is worth noting that a certain number of native families or communities are still settling in or around many protected areas in China, where the conflicts between natives’ living and production behaviors and the ecological conservation goals have existed for a long time. To alleviate the natives’ interference to protected areas, we need to explore their ecological conservation willingness and its influence factors, as well as their behavior regulatory mechanism, for optimizing corresponding policy measures and achieving a win-win situation between ecological conservation and social development.

Based on the theories of environmental economic and behavioral economic, this paper conducts research on the conservation willingness and behavior of the native in protected area, following theoretical hypothesis–empirical analysis research paradigm. Firstly, propose the theoretical framework of natives’ ecological conservation behavior describing the influencing mechanism of related psychological variables and livelihood capitals variables in the conservation decision-making process, and verify it by case studies. Secondly, reveal the native’s willingness to pay (WTP) for ecological conservation and its influence factors. Thirdly, establish the organic connection between WTP, intention and behavior for ecological conservation. Finally, introduce conservation policies as external environmental factors and explore their influences on the native’s WTP, intention and behavior for conservation, and propose policy suggestions. The main research results are as follows:

This study had proposed an ecological conservation behavior theoretical framework of the natives in protected areas, expanding the Theory of Planned Behavior by introducing objective livelihood capitals variable including human, physical, natural, financial and social capitals, and had hypothesized the key influence factors and relationships during the behavior formation process, namely attitude toward ecological conservation behavior (opinion and preference for conservation behavior), subjective norm (perceived conservation encouragement and pressure) and perceived behavioral control (perceived difficulty of behavior and execution ability) had positive impacts on conservation behavioral intention, and were positively affected by livelihood capitals, conservation behavioral intention had positive impact on conservation behavior.

The data basis of this study were from the questionnaire surveys carried out in Chishui multi-type protected areas and Sanjiangyuan National Park. 302 and 123 valid questionnaires were obtained in the two case sites, respectively. The empirical analysis through structural equation modeling proved the hypothetical paths well. The differences in the contribution of the influence factors to the behavioral intention also showed the particularity of each case. In Chishui, farmers’ subjective norm contributed the most to intention with path coefficient of 0.32, followed by attitude toward behavior (0.29) and perceived behavioral control (0.24). This may be attributed to the closely connected neighborhood and communities in most rural areas of China. Frequent contact and cross-reference were conducive to the improvement of conservation intentions. In Sanjiangyuan National Park, herdsmen’s perceived behavioral control (0.44) dominated their conservation intention, followed by attitude toward behavior (0.40), showing their strong voluntary initiatives for conservation and the local culture of reverence of nature. Contribution from subjective norms was the least (0.21).

This study assessed the native’s WTP for preventing ecological degradation. In the case of Chishui, choice experiment was used to investigate the farmers’ WTP for the conservation of four important types of local protected areas, and the key attributes of the candidate conservation alternatives were reflected by the reduction of the protected areas or intensities to different extent. The estimation results of the random parameter model showed that every additional year that the fishing ban of the upper Yangtze river fish reserve was implemented, and every 10% of the protected area degradation of Danxia landform was avoided, the marginal household WTP were 40 and 118 yuan per year, respectively, while the area changes of Suoluo species reserve and forest park had no significant impacts on the farmers’ choices. The average WTP of farmer family for various ecological conservation alternatives was between 6–91 yuan per year. The farmers were further divided into the conservation-preferred group and the development-preferred group through latent class model. The former had significant preference for the conservation of the upper Yangtze river fish reserve, Suoluo species reserve, and Danxia landform, and the marginal household WTP were 57, 174 and 83 yuan per year, respectively; the latter was more sensitive to the payment amount and unacted on the area or intensity changes of the four types of protected area due to lower income, education level, and conservation awareness. In Sanjiangyuan National Park, the contingent valuation method with payment card format was used, and the evaluated average household WTP for ecological conservation obtained through Turnbull lower bound non-parametric estimation and the least square parameter estimation were 111 and 82 yuan per year respectively. In both two cases, socio-economic factors such as family size, income, education level, age, etc., also significantly affected the choices of conservation alternatives or payment amounts of the native.

This study established the organic connection of WTP, intention and behavior for ecological conservation. On the one hand, attitude toward behavior, subjective norm and perceived behavioral control obtained from the behavior structural equation modeling were included as the influence factors of WTP, revealing the significant impacts of intrinsic conservation cognitive variables. On the other hand, the behavior structural equation model embedded with WTP was estimated, and the mutual substitution relationship and homology of intrinsic incentives between intention and WTP were verified. The results showed that in Chishui, attitude toward behavior and subjective norm had significant positive impacts on WTP, and for every hundred-yuan increase of WTP, the level of implementation of ecological conservation behavior increased by 0.17 units (Likert 5-point scale). In Sanjiangyuan National Park, perceived behavioral control had a significant positive impact on WTP, and for every hundred-yuan increase of WTP, the implementation of ecological conservation behavior increased by 0.10 units.

This research figured out the regulation paths and effects of key ecological conservation policies on natives’ conservation willingness and behavior. In Chishui, the behavior structural equation analysis showed the positive impacts on farmers’ ecological conservation intention and behavior from Grain to Green Program and ecological forest ranger position setting. Specifically, the propaganda and education function of these two policies could significantly improve natives’ ecological conservation awareness; the ecological compensation function did not significantly improve the overall livelihood capitals, but it at least made up for the loss of the natives’ livelihoods; the command and control function directly promoted conservation behavior only came from Grain to Green Program and its direct effect accounted for 62% of the total effects of the two policies. In Sanjiangyuan, the behavior structural equation model showed that the effects of propaganda and education, and the ecological compensation functions of Grassland Ecological Protection Subsidy and Incentive Policy, and ecological ranger position setting were similar to those in Chishui. The direct effects of the subsidy and incentive policy through command and control function accounted for 26% of the total policy effects. Policy variables were also added in the WTP parameter estimation models, the re-estimated results revealed their significant positive impacts on WTP of farmers in Chishui and herdsmen in Sanjiangyuan. The study finally put forward policy recommendations for the future construction of protected areas and the livelihood development of natives.

Based on theories of behavioral economic and ecological value evaluation, this study organically combines behavioral structural equation modeling and WTP estimation, and reveals the inherent homology of behavioral intention and WTP for ecological conservation. The scientificity and validity of the theoretical frameworks and methodology are proved in the analyses of natives’ ecological conservation intention, behavior and their regulatory mechanisms in multi-type protected areas. Under the background that China’s protected areas have entered a new stage of comprehensive and deepening reform, this study emphasizes the important role of native’s ecological conservation initiative and behavior implementation for protected areas sustainable development, and proposes suggestions for the incentive policies, which will provide reference for ecological conservation and construction of nature reserves in the future.