随着市场经济的发展，人们生活水平的不断提高，人们不再只是满足于“有学上”，而对选择“上什么学”提出了更高的要求。尤其在义务教育阶段，“择校热”高温难降，社会各界的反响愈来愈大，不公平的呼声也越来越高。择校行为的屡禁不止，使得优质公共教育资源的有限性与人们多样化的教育需求之间的矛盾表现得更为明显，选择需求更为迫切。基于这样的背景，本文运用文献研究法、比较研究法和政策分析法，对基于个人选择的义务教育公平从以下四个部分进行论述：第一部分，从国内外教育公平的相关研究与政策实践出发：主要通过对当前国内外代表性的教育公平观点梳理以及20世纪80年来以来英美两国为扩大个人选择而进行的政策实践，厘清当前市场经济条件下所应持的教育公平观——即基于个人选择的教育公平观。第二部分，通过对个人选择来源的梳理，结合市场经济条件下教育主体权利的变化，进一步阐明个人选择的合理性；并在对个人选择与教育公平、义务教育公平和义务教育公共性三者关系讨论的基础上，进一步明确教育中个人选择的内涵及范围。第三部分通过对已有研究和文献的梳理，提炼出当前义务教育阶段基于个人选择的教育公平的主要矛盾和问题：如人们在义务教育阶段的教育需求难以满足，“择校热”高温难降；义务教育发展不均衡，导致教育过程不公；公立学校千校一面，不能满足多样化需求；民办教育未能很好地发展，给人们提供更多样化的选择；非正常择校一定程度上导致教育的不公等；在此基础上，对产生这些矛盾和问题的原因进一步分析，明确下一步该从哪些方面进行改进。第四部分，在之前论述基础上，从当前的政策思路出发，提出在义务教育阶段扩大个人选择可能的解决方案，如厘清政府在义务教育中的责任，开放办学权；协调就近入学与择校的矛盾，扩大个人选择权；促进公立学校特色办学，满足多样化需求；大力发展民办教育，鼓励社会力量办学，增强教育选择性；加强监督管理，实现选择标准多元化等，更大程度地满足人们的教育需求，提高人们的满意度。

People’s living standard has being improved as the economy develops. Therefore, the phenomenon that people ask more for better education quality instead of educational opportunities only is received more and more attention from society, especially in compulsory education. The inequity brought by School Choice clearly expresses the conflicts between limitation of high-quality public education resources and people’s diverse educational needs. Based on the background, this thesis presents the following four parts, by using the methods of literature research, comparative research and policy analysis. In the first part, through sorting opinions of education equity both at home and abroad and analyzing the USA and the UK’s policy experiences for personal choice expanding since 1980s, this thesis clarifies the idea of education equity fitting for the market economy, namely the idea of education equity based on individual choice.In the second part, the thesis further explains the rationality of individual choice by analyzing the sources of individual choice and the change of education main body under the condition of market economy. Moreover, it defines the connotation and range of individual choice in education based on the discussion on individual choice’s relation with education equity, the equity of compulsory education and the publicness of compulsory education. The third part, by analyzing the existing research, the thesis concludes the main problems of education equity in compulsory education from individual choice. The problems are as following, people’s demands cannot be met in compulsory education, the phenomenon of School Choice is hard to prohibited, and there is a big gap between rural and urban education, as well as inter-schools. The educational process is unfair; public schools are almost running the same model, which cannot meet the diverse needs. Private education plays an insignificant role in providing people with more diverse choices. Unusual education school choice leads to a certain extent injustice and so on. Those problems and their causes will be discussed in the fourth part for improvements. In the fourth part, it raises some possible solutions for individual choice expansion, such as: clarifying the responsibility of the government in compulsory education and distributing the right of running school, coordinating the contradiction between the Nearby Enrollment Policy and School Choice and expanding the individual choice, promoting featured education and meeting the diverse needs, encouraging schools run by the society and increasing the selectivity, strengthening the supervision and management and realizing multiple standards and so on. By using these measures it will be met with the educational needs of the people to a larger extent and their satisfaction.