研究目的：探讨急性和长期规律的太极（八法五步）练习对注意缺陷多动障碍（attention deficit and hyperactivity disorder, ADHD）儿童执行功能的影响，为开拓ADHD儿童的非药物干预手段及制定ADHD运动处方提供实验依据与理论参考提供借鉴。

研究方法：在北京市某三甲医院精神专科门诊招募10名已确诊的8~9岁ADHD儿童，将其随机分为ADHD实验组（N=5）和ADHD等待组（N=5），按年龄相差不超过半岁的标准在北京某公立小学募集健康同龄对照组（N=5）。在急性运动干预测试中，ADHD实验组分别进行15分钟静坐、太极练习（洗脱期为一周），每次练习后立即采用Flanker、威斯康星卡片（Wsiconsin Card Sorting Test ,WCST）、N-back范式评定被试执行功能的变化。在长期规律运动干预测试中，ADHD实验组进行为期10周、2次/周、90分钟/次的太极（八法五步）练习。ADHD等待组与正常对照组在干预期间除了进行日常的身体活动外，不参加校外有组织的体育活动。在运动干预前后，采用Stroop色词测验、TMT连线测验、Rey 复杂图形记忆测试对受试者进行执行功能的评定。

研究结果：（1）急性运动干预研究结果发现，经过15分钟的太极（八法五步）练习，ADHD儿童在Flanker测试中不一致的正确率提高但反应时延长（P<0.05）；WCST测试中，使正确总数、概念化水平应答提高，减少持续性错误数量（P<0.05）；N-Back测试中，太极与静坐相比无显著改善（P＞0.05）。（2）长期运动干预研究结果显示，干预前，各组间比较发现ADHD实验组和等待组Stroop 测试的A、B、C、D错误、D时间、以及TMT的B时间和错误数均高于正常对照组，Rey复杂图形记忆测试各得分均低于正常对照组，差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）；（3）长期干预后，与干预前相比，ADHD实验组Stroop测试的B-D错误数、D时间均显著改善（P＜0.05）、TMT-B各得分均显著低于干预前（P＜0.05）、Rey复杂图形记忆测试中即时结构、细节记忆、延时细节记忆相比干预前均显著改善（P<0.05）；而ADHD等待组各方面均未发现显著改善（P＞0.05）。（4）长期干预后，ADHD实验组在Stroop测试中C、D错误率依然高于正常儿童（P＜0.05），TMT 测试中显示均与正常儿童无显著差异（P＞0.05），Rey复杂图形记忆测试中即时结构、细节记忆、延时细节记忆依然存在落后情况（P＜0.05）。而ADHD等待组在Stroop测试中A、B、D测试的时间、B、C、D测试的错误数上依然显著落后于正常对照组（P＜0.05），在TMT测试中TMT-A、B的时间和TMT-B的错误数量上落后于正常发育儿童（P＜0.05），在Rey复杂图形记忆测试中各方面均落后于正常儿童（P＜0.05）。

研究结论：（1）经过一次15分钟太极练习后，与15分钟静坐相比，ADHD儿童的抑制控制、认知灵活性均得到提升，但对工作记忆无显著影响。（2）ADHD相比同龄健康儿童存在执行功能落后情况，经过10周长期规律的太极（八法五步）练习后ADHD 儿童的抑制控制、认知灵活性、工作记忆均得到显著改善，甚至达到或接近正常儿童水平，但改善后的工作记忆能力依然落后于正常同龄儿童。本研究证明了太极（八法五步）作为一种非药物干预手段的有效性，可作为治疗ADHD的辅助手段。急性和长期两种干预方式均能对ADHD儿童的抑制控制能力和认知灵活性产生积极影响，但工作记忆方面需要长期规律的运动干预才能起到改善效果。在未来对ADHD运动干预的处方制定中，应注意将运动的长期效益与短期效益相结合，以达到更高效、优化的治疗效果。

Study Objective: To investigate the effects of acute and long-term Tai Chi Eight Methods Five Steps exercise on the executive function of children with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD).

Study Methods: Ten children with ADHD were selected and randomly divided into an experimental group and a waiting group, each with five participants. Five age-matched healthy boys were recruited as a normal control group. All subjects participated in regular school physical activities, and the experimental group underwent a 10-week Tai Chi Eight Methods Five Steps exercise program. Before and after 10 weeks, the participants' executive functions were measured using the Stroop Color-Word Test, Rey-Osterrieth Complex Figure Test, and Trail Making Test (TMT), focusing on three sub-functions: inhibitory control, working memory, and cognitive flexibility. Additionally, during the 8th, 9th, and 10th weeks, 15-minute sessions of meditation, jogging, and Tai Chi were performed before class, and the Flanker, Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST), and N-back tests were used to measure the three sub-functions of executive function.

Study Results: (1) Before the long-term intervention, the experimental and waiting groups scored significantly worse than the normal control group on the Stroop test's A, B, C, D errors, D time, TMT's B time, and error count, and scored lower on the CFT. The differences were statistically significant (P < 0.05). (2) After the long-term intervention, the experimental group showed significant improvements in the Stroop test's B-D errors, D time, TMT-B scores compared to before the intervention (P < 0.05). The experimental group's CFT immediate structure, detail memory, and delayed detail memory scores also improved significantly compared to before the intervention (P < 0.05), but remained significantly lower than the healthy age-matched control group (P < 0.05), except for the experimental group's delayed structure memory. (3) Both 15-minute jogging and Tai Chi Eight Methods Five Steps exercises led to prolonged response time and improved accuracy in the Flanker incongruent condition (P < 0.05). In the WCST, both jogging and Tai Chi increased the total correct number and conceptual level responses (P < 0.05), while Tai Chi significantly reduced perseverative errors (P < 0.05) and jogging significantly reduced non-perseverative errors (P < 0.05). In the N-back test, there was no significant improvement for jogging or Tai Chi compared to meditation (P > 0.05).

Study Conclusions and Recommendations: (1) Long-term regular Tai Chi Eight Methods Five Steps exercise can improve the executive function of children with ADHD, especially in inhibitory control and cognitive flexibility, and can help ADHD children reach the level of normal children. Although Tai Chi Eight Methods Five Steps has a significant improvement effect on working memory, it still lags behind normal age-matched children after improvement. (2) After a single 15-minute Tai Chi or jogging exercise intervention, compared to 15 minutes of meditation, ADHD children's inhibitory control and cognitive flexibility were significantly improved. Although no significant difference was found between the Tai Chi and jogging groups, the improvement effects of Tai Chi and jogging on different types of errors were slightly different compared to meditation. (3) It is suggested that future research should focus on the performance of exercise intervention in ADHD children with different ages, genders, subtypes, and severity of the disorder.