交配系统指的是基因通过有性繁殖传递到下一代的模式，包括形成合子的整个过程及与之相关的所有性状。在植物繁殖生物学中，交配系统作为反应遗传和进化进程的一个重要指标，一直以来都是种群遗传学家和繁殖生态学家的研究重点。通常一年生植物会表现出更高水平的自交而多年生植物异交率较高，但目前关于生活史与交配系统之间关系的理论模型与实证研究主要集中在不同植物类群之间或是不同地理分布区的对比，而针对相同分布区同一物种内不同生活史种群之间交配系统差异及其成因的探究仍然十分缺乏。 本研究中，我们以具有不同生活史的紫葳科（Bignoniaceae）角蒿属物种角蒿（Incarvillea sinensis）为研究对象，选取同域分布的多年生与一年生角蒿种群，观察整个花期内它们的开花动态、传粉者数量及传粉行为，测定不同生活史角蒿的生活史性状与花部性状，并收集叶片和成熟果实，估测角蒿的繁殖力及适合度，并利用微卫星标记计算交配系统。 一年生角蒿种群的花期包含于多年生角蒿花期内，二者的传粉者访问频率大致相同，但传粉者种类和行为表现出一定的差异。多年生角蒿植株低矮、分枝众多，而一年生角蒿植株纤细直立、分枝较少；多年生种群的单日开花数量、花大小及单花花期均显著高于一年生种群。一年生角蒿柱头到花药的距离显著小于多年生角蒿，花粉更容易触碰自花的柱头。多年生角蒿种群的花粉胚珠比约为一年生种群的两倍，但其结实率、结籽数、果荚长度与果荚重量均显著低于一年生角蒿。多年生角蒿种群的杂合度较高、近交系数较低，异交率和双亲近交水平均显著高于一年生角蒿。 综上所述，一年生和多年生角蒿种群在交配系统上有显著差异。这种差异是由于生活史不同引起资源分配模式不同，通过不同植物性状及其相关的传粉过程不同造成的。一年生种群将资源更多地投入到繁殖中，同时在雌性功能上投入更多；而多年生种群在雄性功能上投入较多，异交率和父本多样性较高。本研究揭示了同域分布物种生活史与交配系统之间的紧密联系，为生活史理论提供了有力的实证案例，有助于进一步理解交配系统的进化动力及方向。

Mating system is a way in which gene delivery from one generation to the next in relation to sexual behaviour, including the process of uniting sperm and eggs to produce zygotes and relevant plant traits that influence the process. In plant reproductive biology, mating system can reflect the process of genetics and evolution as an important indicator, which is the research focus for geneticist and reproductive ecologist. Annuals often show a higher level of selfing and perennials prefer to outcrossing. However, current studies about the relationship between life history and mating system mainly focus on different species distributing in different areas, and few research to explore the relationship within the sympatric populations for the same species. Here, we choose the sympatric annual and perennial populations in Incarvillea sinensis (Bignoniaceae), observing the flowering dynamics and the pollinator activity, measuring life history traits and floral traits, collecting leaves and mature seeds, estimating the fertility, fitness and mating system by microsatellite markers. We found that flower period of the annual are contained in the perennial. The pollinator visiting frequencies are roughly same, but the pollinator species and behaviors show some differences, i.e. perennials have more effective pollinators. The perennial individuals are relatively low height, having more branches than the annual and lacking a single stem. The perennial show more flower numbers, longer lifespan and bigger floral display sizes than the annual. The annual have shorter distance between the anther and the stigma, which means the pollen touch the stigma much easier. Capsule length, capsule dry weight, fruit set and seed set in the annual are significantly higher than the perennial, and the P/O ratio in the perennial is twice as many as the annual. The outcrossing rate and biparental inbreeding for the perennial are significantly higher than annual. Mating system is very different between the annual and perennial population. The reason is annuals and perennials have different resource allocation pattern, which influence plant traits and pollination process. The annuals show higher female fitness but the perennials allocate more resources into the male function, i.e. higher outcrossing rate and paternity diversity. Out study reveals the close relationship between the mating system and life history within a species, providing some empirical evidence for life history theory, which is helpful to understand the evolution of the mating system.