1915年5月1日晚，两声枪响后，化学家弗里茨·哈伯（Fritz Haber，1868-1934）的妻子克拉拉·伊梅瓦尔（Clara Immerwahr，1870-1915）在家中庭院自杀身亡。她的死仅流为了亲友间的小范围议论，此后几乎无人再提。而一个世纪后，这个曾经默默无闻的女人成为了德国家喻户晓的人物。在目前流行的克拉拉故事中，她是布雷斯劳大学第一个取得化学博士学位的女性，被视为女性科学家的先驱；她的自杀，被认为是为反对丈夫研发化学武器而死，成为了反战主义与和平主义的象征。 这样一位不以科学成就闻名的科学家，她光辉的公众形象引来了科学史家的注目。虽然中文世界对克拉拉鲜有关注，但欧美学界已产生了不少相关成果。然而，实际存留的关于克拉拉的一手史料并无多少，其中更没有一件资料能完全解释她的自杀动机。科学史家质疑“反对化学武器而死”的单一因果，认为当前流传的故事缺乏事实依据，并将目光转向了这一建构人物的起源问题，试图通过追寻人物形象出现的源头来区分故事与历史，给克拉拉一个合适的历史评价。 克拉拉的人物形象起源可以追溯到1967年，莫里斯·戈兰（Morris Goran）建立了克拉拉与反化学武器的联系，到1993年瑞特·冯·莱特纳（Gerit von Leitner）给予她饱满的人物性格，完善了自杀当夜的诸多细节，克拉拉的故事基本成形。1994年后，科学史家入场，愈多文章在研究女性教育或讨论哈伯时提及克拉拉，反复的提及使她的形象一方面逐渐趋于稳定，另一方面却又变得标志性的单调。2012年，第一篇英文的克拉拉传记文章发表，此后其他以她为主角的传记文章、话剧、电影陆续问世，克拉拉的人物形象开始独立，不再是哈伯的附属，同时这也再次吸引了科学史家的审视的目光。 从参与克拉拉人物形象塑造的诸位作者的经历与所持立场可见，一定的历史条件推动了克拉拉这一人物的再现：（1）女性主义与科学界内的女性研究推广并传播了克拉拉的事迹；（2）大科学背景下的科学反思与科学伦理的讨论，使得哈伯的案例被时常讨论，也使得她作为哈伯案例中不可忽略的一部分被反复提及；（3）而1970年代后科学史改变了以往“大人物”的书写范式，为像克拉拉这样没有伟大科学成就的科学家打开了科学史的大门。她人物形象的建构过程与其再现的历史条件，都说明了正是克拉拉无据可循的人生故事，使她“女性、科学家、反战”的身份在社会思潮发生改变时，成为了各种思潮的代言人。因而她既是百年前的历史人物，又是新生的社会产物，她是两个时代的缩影。

In the night of May 1, 1915, after two gunshots, Clara Immerwahr, Fritz Haber's first wife, committed suicide in their courtyard. Her death had only been discussed by Haber's relatives and close friend on a small scale and gone obscure. However, after almost a century, the woman who was used to be anonymous becomes a household name in Germany. In current circulated Clara's story, she is regarded as the pioneer of female scientists for the fact that she was the first woman to be awarded a doctorate in chemistry at the University of Breslau; and her suicide is taken for the protest against her husband's involvement in the chemical warfare and becomes the representative of Anti-warism and pacifism. Such a scientist who is not known for her scientific achievements has attracted the attention of historians of science in the Western world. It could be seen that the historical records regarding Clara barely remained and none of these can fully explain her suicide motivation. Historians of science questioned the simple explanation of "opposing chemical weapons," thought that the currently circulated story was lack of evidence and sources. They tried to distinguish the history from the story and to reappraise Clara's historical figure from a more differentiated view. Clara's character could date back to 1967 when Morris Goran established the connection between Clara and her protest against chemical warfare for the first time in his publication of Haber's biography. Gerit von Leitner embellished Clara's character with an enriched personality and refined the details of the tragic death night in the biography of Clara she published in 1993. Herefrom, Clara's life story has been taken shape. After 1994, increasing articles started to mention Clara when they discussed the issue of female education or introduced Haber's life, and historians of science began to pay attention to her. Repeated references stabilized her character as a pioneer of female scientist and a pacifist while made her character a monotonous symbol. In 2012, the first English biographic article of Clara was published, henceforth other biographic studies, plays and TV movie with her as the protagonist constantly came out. Clara has an independent image of a character, but not only represents Haber's first wife, which meanwhile also evoked the interests of historians of science again. It can be seen that some certain historical circumstances promoted the reemergence of Clara from the experiences and standpoints of authors who were involved in reconstructing Clara's character. (1) Feminism and Feminist scholarship in sciences developed and expanded Clara's life story. (2) The discussion of scientific ethics and the reflection on science under the context of the "big science" bring up Haber's case frequently, which meanwhile make Clara mentioned since she has been the unavoidable factor in this case. (3) The change of "the great man" pattern in the history of science provided the premise to ordinary scientists who have less scientific achievements like Clara for being involved in the history of science. The process of constructing Clara's character and the historical circumstances present her changing representations coincided with the changing social zeitgeist as "a female, scientist, and pacifist" and suggest her identity as not only a historical figure living in a century ago, also a new-born social product. She is the epitome of two eras.