词类加工是句法加工的关键环节，词类问题也是对外汉语教学中的重难点。汉语二语者句子产出中词类误用的情况时有发生，但二语者产生词类偏误的原因是多方面的，如对汉语词类认识不足、未准确提取词类信息以及未掌握词类间的组合运用规则等，而现有研究对上述情况的讨论较少，因此本研究将对二语者的词类意识、词类识别和运用能力以及三者之间的关系进行综合考察。

汉语词类意识是对于汉语词类的认识和反思。本研究基于已有研究、访谈和专家咨询评定，最终构拟出一套具有良好信效度的汉语词类意识量表，并对二语者词类意识进行调查。结果发现：（1）相较于对词类的评价和反思，二语者对汉语词类的认识存在明显不足，且在词类认识方面，二语者对词类功能、特征等不同维度的认识程度不同；（2）二语者普遍认为学习、运用汉语词类的重要性远超其难度，且二语者对成句策略的反思程度显著高于对词类掌握程度和识别策略的反思；（3）汉语水平会影响二语者的词类意识，尤其是在类别认识和难度评价上，汉语水平越高的二语者对词类类别的认识程度越高，中级水平二语者对汉语词类的难度感知强于高级水平二语者。

词类识别能力是二语者正确提取汉语词对应词类属性的能力。本研究以不同语义典型性和句法典型性的汉语双字词为实验材料，通过词类识别任务考察不同汉语水平二语者的词类识别能力和识别线索。结果发现：（1）汉语水平是影响二语者词类识别能力的重要因素，汉语水平越高，二语者的词类识别能力越强；（2）语义和句法功能均是二语者识别汉语词类的重要线索，且二者互为基础，共同促进二语者的词类识别。

词类运用能力是二语者利用词类间的组配规则实现句法构建的能力。本研究以二语者常见词类偏误句为材料，通过词类合法性判断任务考察不同汉语水平二语者的词类运用能力。结果发现：（1）汉语水平影响二语者的词类运用能力，汉语水平越高的二语者越能正确识别句子中的词类偏误，从而在句子理解和产出中更好地利用词类信息构建句法规则；（2）二语者识别词类偏误比接受句法正确的句子更加困难。

最终，我们利用结构方程模型分析了词类意识、词类识别能力和词类运用能力的关系。结果发现：二语者的词类意识有利于提高其词类识别能力，良好的词类识别能力对词类运用能力有直接促进作用，且词类意识可以以词类识别能力为中介，间接影响二语者的词类运用能力；词类意识的不同维度会对词类识别和运用能力起到不同的作用。

Word category is a key aspect of syntactic processing. Unlike native speakers of Chinese, second language speakers often misuse word cateories in sentence production, making the issue of word category a major challenge in teaching Chinese as a foreign language. However, there are many reasons for the misuse of lexical categories by bilinguals, including a lack of awareness of Chinese word category, inaccurate extraction of word category information, and a lack of knowledge of the rules for combining and using word category.

Chinese word category awareness is the awareness and reflection on Chinese word category, including the awareness of their concepts, characteristics, functions and structures, as well as the reflection on the use of word category and word category. In this study, a set of Chinese word category awareness scales with good reliability and validity was developed by combining existing research, interview results and expert consultation. The findings of the survey on bilingual speakers' awareness of Chinese word category revealed that: (1) compared to the evaluation and reflection on word categories, bilingual speakers' awareness of Chinese word categories was significantly lower, and their awareness of word categories differed in terms of their functions, features, concepts and categories; (2) bilingual speakers generally considered the importance of learning and using Chinese word categories to be much higher than their difficulty, and their reflection on sentence formation strategies was significantly higher than that on the mastery of word categories and (3) Chinese language proficiency affects L2 speakers' awareness of word categories, especially in terms of category awareness and difficulty evaluation, and the higher the level of Chinese language proficiency, the higher the level of L2 speakers' awareness of word categories. Compared to advanced level bilinguals, intermediate level bilinguals perceived the difficulty of Chinese word categories more strongly.

Word category recognition is the conscious extraction of information about Chinese word category, and the ability of word category recognition reflects the ability of bilinguals to correctly extract the attributes of the corresponding word categories of Chinese words. This study examined the word category recognition ability and recognition cues of bilinguals with different levels of Chinese language proficiency through a word category recognition judgement task, using Chinese bilingual words with different semantic and syntactic typicalities as materials. The results showed that: (1) Chinese language proficiency is an important factor affecting bilinguals' word category recognition ability, and the higher the Chinese language proficiency, the stronger the bilinguals' word category recognition ability; (2) both semantic and syntactic functions are important cues for bilinguals to recognize Chinese word categories, and they are mutually dependent on each other to facilitate bilinguals' word category recognition.

The ability to use word categories refers to the ability of bilinguals to use the rules of grouping between word categories to achieve syntactic constructions. This study investigated the word category use ability of bilinguals at different levels of Chinese language proficiency through a word category legitimacy judgment task, using common word category biased sentences as materials. The results revealed that (1) Chinese language proficiency influenced bilinguals' ability to use word categories, and the higher the Chinese language proficiency, the better bilinguals were able to correctly identify word category biases in sentences, and thus better use word category information to construct syntactic rules in sentence comprehension and output; (2) it was more difficult for bilinguals to identify word category biases than to accept syntactically correct sentences.

On this basis, we used structural equation modelling to analyze the relationship between word category awareness, word category recognition and word category use in sentences. The results show that bilinguals' word category awareness is conducive to improving their word category recognition ability, that good word category recognition ability directly contributes to word category use ability, and that bilinguals' word category awareness can indirectly influence their word category use ability in sentences through the mediation of word category recognition ability; moreover, different dimensions of word category awareness have different effects on word category recognition and use ability.