“五四”时期（1917-1923），在黑暗的政治环境下，无政府主义成为当时“时代思潮”的重要组成部分，得到更为广泛地流传。这时，北京大学是中国无政府主义思想和活动的中心之一。本文通过对“五四”时期的无政府主义思想和北京大学进行梳理研究，试图描写了无政府主义在北大的兴起、扩散、衰落的历程。在第一章的北大无政府主义的兴起方面，阐明了蔡元培等领导者的思想活动以及对北大的影响；在第二章的扩散方面，探讨了学生群体接受无政府主义思想的背景和动因；在第三章的衰落方面，先介绍北大无政府主义思想的基本内容，然后以其与马克思主义者的关系为中心，考察了衰落过程。1917年蔡元培到北京大学就任校长，引起了北大无政府主义思想的兴起。蔡元培曾受过无政府主义思想的影响，这主要反映在他与李石曾、吴稚晖等原新世纪派的关系上。进德会、世界社、留法勤工俭学会等活动以及互助论和劳工神圣观的宣扬都是他们无政府主义思想的体现。同时，他们的思想比较侧重于道德、教育方面。蔡元培就任校长期间，他们的思想和活动影响许多青年学生，培养出不少无政府主义者。此时北大出现了北京大学同学俭学会、进德会、实社、奋斗社、互助团等的无政府主义团体。北大的一批学生除了受到蔡元培等领导者的影响外，由于自身的心态、文化背景等缘由，进而接受无政府主义思想。“五四”时期，不同于传统的近代大学教育给学生带来了各个方面的巨大变化，促使他们容易遭到自己认同性的危机，处于精神上的矛盾和彷徨状态。入学后以同学为主形成的新人际关系、批评传统的新思想、男女同校的新经验等因素都造成学生价值观、人生观的变化。尤其是，北大特有的课堂气氛影响学生建立各种团体集中于自治活动，并使他们更关心中国政治和世界局势。1919年五四运动后学生群体更为激进化表现极端的倾向，明显表露无政府主义思想。不少激进学生为克服认同性的危机而建立社会变革的自我，即他们在思想或活动上从事社会革命，替换自我的价值。当时主张根本改造社会的无政府主义，为这些学生提供思想上的依据。他们在这种背景和动因下，接受无政府主义，从而更促进无政府主义思想的扩散。黄凌霜、区声白、朱谦之是北大青年无政府主义者的代表。他们无政府主义思想的根底是个人的自由、反对一切强权、实行社会革命等，基本上遵循早已成主流的无政府共产主义。其中，出现以朱谦之为代表的无政府个人主义，进一步丰富和发展了无政府主义思想。但是，黄凌霜与朱谦之展开的无政府主义辩论，同时显示出无政府主义思想本身的根本性缺点，预示了其后来衰落的进程。无政府主义者对个人自由的执著，在与早期马克思主义者的论战（1920-1922年）中更为明显的表现出来。1920年春，无政府主义者和马克思主义者暂时携手成立“社会主义者同盟”，但不久也在合作活动中产生了分歧，1921年前后开始瓦解。到1923年以后，北大无政府主义走上没落的道路。总体而言，北大的无政府主义思想在“五四”时期特定的历史条件下，通过无政府主义者的影响和青年学生状况的结合而达到高潮，并构成了中国无政府主义史上的重要组成部分。但是，诸如无政府主义思想本身的缺点、与马克思主义者的论战中显露的非现实性、社会主义者同盟的瓦解等多种因素，都造成了北大无政府主义的衰落，在其中的一种形式是从无政府主义者向马克思主义者的转化。

Anarchism as an important components of new culture movement, spread more widely, becoming one of "Time Trend" in the May Fourth period(1917-1923), when the political environment was in the dark. At this time, Beijing University was one of China's anarchist ideas and activity centers. By sorting out the research of anarchist ideas and Beijing University in the May Fourth period, the article tried to describe the rise, diffusion and decline of anarchism in Beijing University. In the Chapter 1, I explain thinking activities whose leader were Cai Yuanpei and their impact on Beijing University; in the Chapter 2, explain background and motivation of a group of students accepting the anarchism; in the Chapter 3, first introduce the basic contents of Anarchism and then studied the decline process which is related with the Marxist.In 1917 Cai Yuanpei became the president of Beijing University, leading the rise of anarchism in Beijing University. Cai once received the impact of anarchist ideas, which mainly were reflected in relationship between he and Li Shizeng, Wu Zhihui, who were in Paris New Century group. the Promote Virtue Society(Jinde hui), the World Society(shijie she), Diligent-work and Frugal-study in France, and other activities as well as spread of mutual aid and labor sacred concept were the embodiment of their anarchist ideas. At the same time, their thoughts focused more on ethics, education. During the period of Cai on the president of Beijing University, their thoughts and activities impacted many young students and cultivated a lot of anarchists. At this time, there were thrift Institute of students in Peking University, the Promote Virtue Society(Jinde hui), the Truth Society(shi she), the Struggle Society(Fendou she), and the Mutual aid groups in Beijing University.A group of students in Beijing University accepted anarchism in addition to Cai Yuanpei, due to their own mentality and cultural background. In the May Fourth period, the modern university education which was different from the tradition brought all aspects of great changes to the students and easily prompted the identity crisis. Therefore, they were in a spirit of contradiction and anxious state. The values outlook on life changed because of new relationships based upon students after admission, new ideas of criticizing the traditional, the new experience of coeducation and other factors. Particular, classroom’s free atmosphere in Beijing University affected students on the establishment of various organizations for autonomous activities and made them more concern about China's political and world situation. After the May 4, 1919, students in groups expressed more radically, and clearly show anarchism. Many students tried to find away to overcame their identity crisis through involvement with radicalism and social movement. They engaged in social revolution on ideas or activities to replace self-worth. At that time, anarchism of fundamental transformation of society were advocated, as the ideological basis for these students. In this context and motivation, they accepted anarchism, and promoted the spread of anarchism.Huang Lingshuang, Ou Shengbai, Zhu Qianzhi were anarchist representatives of Beijing University. The base of anarchist thought was the individual's freedom, against all power of authority, and the implementation of social revolution. It followed anarcho-communism, which had been the mainstream. Zhu Qianzhi’s individualistic anarchism further enriched and developed the anarchist ideas. However, anarchism debate between Huang Lingshuang and Zhu Qianzhi showed the fundamental shortcomings of anarchism itself, and indicated the process of its subsequent decline. Anarchists of personal dedication to freedom, which demonstrated more apparent debate with the early Marxist (1920-1922). In the spring of 1920, anarchists and Marxists jointly set up a "socialist alliance", but soon cooperation activities had differences, before and after 1921 began to collapse. After 1923, anarchism of Beijing University after were on the decline.Overall, anarchist ideas of Beijing University in the specific historical conditions of May Fourth period, achieved high tide by the impact of anarchists and combination of young students. Besides, anarchism in the history constitutes an important part. However, its shortcomings, non-reality which was exposed in the debate with Marxism's, and the collapse of the socialist alliance and other factors, led to the decline of anarchism of Beijing University, One form was anarchists transformed to Marxists.