本文针对重金属的环境污染现状，在综述国内外研究现状的基础上，采用多种分析测试手段，对纯矿物和沉积物等进行重金属离子吸附实验研究，分析与探讨其吸附机理；同时在大量实验的基础上，对天然高分子材料基吸附剂吸附机理进行研究，并将其应用于污染土壤的修复。研究综合运用了环境科学、基础化学、高分子化学、环境化学等多学科理论，取得如下主要成果：1．首先通过对纯矿物吸附重金属的动力学及热力学研究，讨论了温度、浓度以及有机质等多种因素对吸附性能的影响。并探讨了两组分以及多组分共存条件下的重金属竞争吸附，以富集系数、竞争分配系数、竞争吸附系数和竞争吸附量等作为评价指标，考察其吸附特性。采用IR、XRD、XPS和ESR等多种分析表征手段，对蒙脱石吸附Cd2+和Cr3+的吸附机理进行综合探讨。从各官能团的位移、原子内层结合能变化以及化学形态变化等多角度、多层面，讨论蒙脱石吸附重金属离子的吸附机理。结果表明，蒙脱石吸附Cd2+后，蒙脱石中的铁和铝与氧之间的共价键发生了变化，内层电子是由Cd向氧、铁、硅原子转移，Al基本没有参与配位。除了表面配位作用外，镉离子还进入蒙脱石的层间。蒙脱石对Cr3+的吸附实验表明，Fe是作为给电子一方参加吸附反应，存在两种化学形态；Cr存在三种化学形态Cr3+、Cr5+和Cr2+。ESR谱图的类型及其特征因子g值变化也表明，吸附过程中铬元素的化学形态发生变化。2．通过对辽河流域沉积物中重金属离子的释放以及对外源重金属离子的吸附性能研究，了解外界环境改变时沉积物中重金属二次污染的可能性及其途径，探索沉积物对重金属的吸附容量以及多种重金属离子共存时的竞争吸附特性。并对浑河重金属离子污染进行风险评价。结果表明，沉积物中重金属的二次释放主要取决于重金属本身特性，但受扰动强度、粒度大小以及介质pH 值影响较大。而且重金属的释放量存在最大值，之后出现沉积物对重金属离子的再次吸附现象。沉积物对多种重金属离子吸附过程中，各种重金属离子的竞争系数不断变化。3．对天然高分子材料——壳聚糖与秸秆纤维素等进行物理化学功能改性，采用先进的蒸汽闪爆预处理技术以及微波施热技术，得到吸附性能优良、生物相容性好、可降解的新型吸附剂，并采用化学手段和仪器分析手段相结合的方法，分析了它们的吸附性能和吸附机理。结果表明，微波模板法制备交联壳聚糖方法可行，产物吸附效果好，且具有记忆性和选择性。吸附过程中吸附剂主要通过配位吸附、离子交换吸附与金属离子结合。红外光谱和XPS光谱分析结果表明，模板法保护了一部分氨基，而羟基、碳原子和氧原子没有参与配位，氨基（-NH2）提供孤对电子对，与镉离子发生配位反应。4．采用天然高分子材料对重金属污染土壤进行修复。由于天然高分子材料具有可降解性能，通过功能改性得到一系列环境友好土壤修复剂。研究壳聚糖和秸秆纤维素及其功能改性产品对污染土壤的修复性能。结果表明，天然高分子材料及其改性产品在一定程度上改善了土壤中重金属离子的浸出率。羧甲基壳聚糖对重金属离子螯合过程中起主要作用的基团是羧基。

The achievement of current heavy metal studies were evaluated based on the data from national and international literatures. The adsorption experiments of heavy metal on montmorillonite and sediment of song-liao water system were conducted. Then the adsorption mechanisms of them on montmorillonite in aqueous solution were studied by advanced analytical technology. At the same time, the heavy metal adsorption mechanisms on nature macromolecule sorbents were researched. Many subjects were applied in this study, such as environmental science, basic chemistry, macromolecule chemistry and environmental chemistry. Main achievements were as follows:1．In the study of dynamics and thermodynamics, the influencing factors of heavy metal adsorption on montmorillonite were addressed, such as temperature, concentration and organic acid. Then the competitive adsorptions between two kinds of metals or among multi-metals were concerned. The adsorption mechanisms were discussed through the evaluation criterions of enrichment coefficient, competitive distributive coefficient and competitive adsorbent capacity.The adsorption mechanisms of cadmium and chromium on montmorillonite were studied by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, Infrared ray, X-ray diffraction and Electron spin resonance. The results were shown from the changes of element binding energy of montmorillonite. The results showed the negative charge of oxygen and iron in montmorillonite in cadmium adsorption. This indicated that the adsorption was a chemical adsorption. Aluminium didn’t participate in complexation reaction. The results showediron offered the negative charge in adsorption reaction. Two photoelectron lines with binding energy of 715.4 eV and 712.3eV appeared in detailed scan spectra. This means that the valences of iron adsorbed on the surface of montmorillonite are +2 and +3. Likewise, valences of chromium adsorbed on the surface of montmorillonite are +2, +3 and +5 from photoelectron lines with binding energy of 577 eV, 579 eV and 578eV shown in detailed scan spectra. It showed from the types and signals namely g presented in the ESR spectra of the montmorillonite. 2．The heavy metal adsorption and release capabilities of sediment in song-liao water system were conducted. The probability and the approach of heavy metal release from sediment were estimated with the change of environmental conditions. The adsorption capabilities of sediment were studied in the presence of four heavy metals. Simultaneously, the risk assessment of heavy metal in Hun-river sediment was evaluated.The results indicated the release of heavy metal from sediment depended on its own characteristic. But they were influence by turbulence, particle-size and pH value. There were maximum numerical value of release of heavy metal from sediment, and after it, the heavy metal released were adsorb by sediment. The competitive coefficients of heavy metal were changable when many heavy metal coexist in the solution.3．Natural polysaccharose has the advantage of abundance, regenerability, biological degradability, nontoxicity, and biocompatibility. According to the structure characteristics of natural polysaccharose, new types of water treatment materials mediated on chitosan and plant cellulose are prepared through chemical and physical modification, which included molecules design, chemical derivation, microwave radiation and stream explosion techniques in this paper. The adsorption mechanisms of heavy metal by the new adsorbents in aqueous solution were studied with the use of chemical and instrument analysis. The results showed that the synthesis of the crosslinked chitosan(CCTS) by the way of microwave radiation was reasonable with favorable capability of adsorption and selectivity. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) had been used to investigate the adsorption mechanism of Cd2+ on the crosslinked chitosan(CCTS). There are significant chemical shifts of both NlS peak of CCTS and Cd2p3/2 peak of cadmium in the XPS of CCTS-Cd sample in comparison to those of the unadsorbed samples. The result indicates that Cd2+ ions complexed with the -NH2 groups, which offered lone-pair electron on CCTS. Simultaneously, -NH2 group were protected by templet of Cd2+. The mechanisms of adsorption include mainly complexation reaction and ion exchange reaction.4．The remediation of soils contaminated by heavy metals was researched employing natural polysaccharose, which was prepared through chemical derivation. The polysaccharose was friendly to the environment, in view of its biological degradability. The remediation performances of cellulose, chitosan and their derivations were investigated. The results showed that the quantity of the heavy metals release of soils contaminated by heavy metals were improve, which natural polysaccharose were thrown. And carboxylic group took on mainly action in adsorption of carboxymethyl-cellulose to metal ion.