民国时期，随着近代中国大学体系渐次形成与发展，国立大学退休制度应运而生。此一制度的建立，对于优化大学教职员的年龄结构，促进新陈代谢，激励学术研究和推动高校的整体建设，都具有十分重要的意义。学界对近代国立大学退休制度的系统性尚付阙如。实则，考察此一制度的起源、沿革及其实践，为深化民国高等教育研究所必需；不仅如此，系统反思这一制度的内在逻辑及利弊得失，对当下我国高校制度的改革，也具有现实性的意义。 近代国立大学退休制度的发展，可分作萌芽、发展、成熟三个时期：一，1917年至1928年为制度的萌芽时期。1917年北洋政府颁布的《国立大学职员薪俸规程》开启了国立大学退休制度的历史先河。二，1929年至1943年为制度的发展时期。南京国民政府建立之后，以1926年颁布的《学校职教员养老金及恤金条例》为基础，建构起国立大学退休制度体系。自1929年始，中央大学、北洋大学、清华大学、北京大学、北平师范大学、四川大学陆续有教职员正式领取退休金，这标志着国立大学退休制度正式从制度性框架转变为具有实际保障效力的制度体系。三，1944年至1949年为制度的成熟时期。1944年国民政府修正颁布的《学校教职员退休条例》，首次将强制退休、延聘等理念纳入制度内，由此建立一个相对完善的国立大学退休制度体系。总体而言，国立大学退休制度的发展是一个从简到详、日趋完善的历史过程，它从萌芽向成熟的发展历程，对我国高等教育产生了广泛而深远的影响。 纵观1917-1949年国立大学退休制度的发展历程，我们可以看出，它的演变具有四方面的趋势：1. 退休门槛渐次降低，覆盖人群逐渐扩大，制度立意由原先对少数人的优待，变为对全体大学教职员的制度性福利保障。2. 制度内涵从“养老”向“退休”转变，前者注重的是“养”，强调为国尽瘁的老者，政府给予优厚的待遇；后者注重的是“退”，强调的是新陈代谢，提高高校人员的效率。3.制度性质从“公家之体恤”向“公民之权利”转化，这反映了近代社会中君、臣关系的断裂与国、民关系的重构，退休金性质的变化正是这场政治革命与社会革命的缩影。4.国立大学教职员之养老责任逐渐由私人向国家转移，“国家养老”不仅保证了制度的长期运作，也能在一定程度上增强知识分子对国家政权的认同感与向心力。 国立大学退休制度的演变与发展，与近代政治之间关系紧密，它的几次重要变革，皆处于关键性的历史节点。1926年11月广州国民政府颁布《学校职教员养老金及恤金条例》，正值国民革命初起之时。广州国民政府建立的先进教育制度与北洋政府的教育困境形成鲜明对比，这种制度上的落差，导致两大政权政治、军事对抗之际，多数高等教育界人士背离北洋政治系统，并选择接受新的合法性政权。在抗战期间，国立大学退休制度的继承性发展，是重庆国民政府与汪伪政权宣扬其政治合法性的重要举措，双方在这一问题上产生激烈角逐，1944年重庆国民政府发起退休制度改革后不久，汪伪政权也随后颁布新的退休制度与之抗衡。在国共内战时期，混乱的经济形势与通货膨胀，导致大学教职员群体中出现“退而不休”的情况。国民政府1948年的退休制度改革并未改善局势，随后而来的金圆券改革再次引起退休金大幅度缩水。这一系列因素导致国共之间社会舆论的转向，并在一定程度上加速了国民党政权的崩溃。 国立大学退休制度的建立，对中国近代高等教育体系的发展起到十分重要的作用。一方面，它推动了高校教师群体的职业化进程，政府给予的退休金，与薪俸、久任奖金、年功加俸以及恤金等，一起构建起国立大学教职员的生活保障网络。学者无后顾之忧，则能专注学术；教师有经济保障，则能恪尽职守。另一方面，它促进了中国高等教育人才年龄结构的优化，加速学术界的新陈代谢，促进大学系统内老、中、青三代的年龄结构的平衡。总而言之，大学退休制度的产生与发展，对我国高等教育界的可持续性发展具有举足轻重的影响。

Since the late Qing Dynasty to the Republic of China, modern universities, as a new knowledge production organization, have been developed continuously in China. In order to maintain the long-term operation of this organization, the retirement system for university staff is also coming into being. In recent years, China's academic research on the National University is deepening, but unfortunately, the research about the University retirement system is still lacking. The retirement system not only contributes to the professionalization and specialization of university teachers, but also promotes the age structure balance of the three generation in the university system. Reviewing the origin, evolution and practice of the retirement system in the Republic of China will help us to reflect on the internal logic of the modern retirement system and its advantages and disadvantages, which has both historical and practical significance for the current retirement system reform. The construction of the retirement system of the National University is an increasingly perfect historical process. In May 1917, the Beiyang government promulgated the "National University staff salaries regulations", for the first time on the implementation of the National University Faculty pension system, although it is only a institutional framework. In 1926, the Guangzhou government promulgated the "vocational school teachers pension and pension regulations" established the pension system, pension eligibility, administrative procedure and the detailed specification. In 1929, Tang Kanghou, an employee of the national Centre College, became the first university staff to receive pension. In 1944, the national government amended and promulgated the regulations on the retirement of school staff. The establishment of a relatively complete retirement system has a far-reaching impact on the development of higher education in China. It is necessary to point out that the relationship between the retirement system and politics is closely related, and several important changes in the retirement system are the key of historical node. In 1926, The government of the Kuomintang government enacted the pension regulations to attract talent resources to establish a national regime. During Counter-Japanese War, both the national government and Wang puppet regime implemented the reform of the retirement system, which reflected the fierce competition between the two regimes on legal resources. During the period of Chinese Civil War, the chaotic economic situation and inflation reduced the purchasing power of pension and salaries of university faculty, and retirement often meant unemployment, which also led to the shift of public opinion between the Kuomintang and the Communist Party. From the change of National University retirement system, we can find that this system has a great change in the following three aspects: 1. The nature of the pension changes from a private well into the "civil rights", which reflects that in modern society, the relationship between the monarchy and the subject is broken, the relationship between the state and the people is built, the pension is a microcosm of the political revolution and social revolution; the 2. Pensions become necessities from luxury goods, which reflects in the construction of modern political system, the force of state in politics, economy and culture has been strengthened, the dependence of the people on the government is increasing with each passing day objective; 3. The purpose of the system changes from "provide for the aged" to "retire", the former is the emphasis on the "support"; the latter is focused on"retire",which emphasizes that the government needs to promote the metabolism of the staffs, to improve administrative efficiency and reduce the waste of talent.