伴随着近代化进程，清末民国时期是中国从传统教育向现代教育的转型时期。为顺应时局，政府效法日美等国，推行新学制。在新学制的指引之下，民间和政府出版了大量教科书。中学历史教科书是统治阶层贯彻其意识形态的有力工具，也是传承国家历史记忆、雕塑民族性格、塑造国家观念的重要载体。近代以来，统治阶层在对外交往的过程中，对世界有了新认知，并逐步接受了近代国家观念。历史教科书因其与意识形态密切联系的特性，成为了塑造民族国家观的重要渠道。

本文共分为三部分，探讨清政府、北京政府、南京国民政府时期中学本国史教科书对空间观念的构建。清末中国是从“王朝国家”向“民族国家”过渡的时期，历史教科书通过对国家边界的界定来区分“自我”与“它者”，企图塑造近代国家观念。然而在社会环境的制约之下，其内核仍是王朝国家观。进入民国之后，民族国家实体的存在推动了国家观念的形成，历史教科书以“民族同化”的叙事方法试图构建“一族一国”的民族国家观，但这种做法并不适合中国的具体实际。受世界主义思潮的影响，历史教科书表达了中国试图积极融入世界的期望。南京国民政府时期，在应对日益加深的民族危机时，历史教科书突破了“汉族空间”限制，恰当地构建“中华民族”的认同，最终实现了从王朝国家观到民族国家观的过渡。

Along with the modernization process, the late Qing Dynasty and the Republic of China was a period of transition from traditional education to modern education in China. In order to respond to the current situation, the government followed the example of Japan and the United States and introduced the New School System. Under the guidance of the new school system, a large number of textbooks were published by the private sector and the government. Secondary school history textbooks were a powerful tool for the ruling class to carry out its ideology and an important vehicle for passing on the country's historical memory, sculpting national character, and shaping national perceptions. In modern times, the ruling class, in the process of foreign interaction, has gained a new perception of the world and gradually accepted the modern concept of the state. History textbooks, because of their close connection to ideology, became an important channel for shaping the view of the nation-state.

This paper is divided into three parts to explore the construction of spatial concepts in secondary school national history textbooks during the Qing, Beijing, and Nanjing National Governments. In the late Qing Dynasty, China was in transition from a "dynastic state" to a "nation-state", and history textbooks distinguished between the "self" and the "other" by defining the boundaries of the state. By defining the boundaries of the state to distinguish between "self" and "other," history textbooks attempted to shape the modern concept of the state. However, under the constraints of the social environment, its core was still a dynastic view of the state. After the Republic of China, the existence of nation-state entities contributed to the formation of the concept of the state, and history textbooks attempted to construct a "one nation, one country" view of the nation-state by using the narrative of "national assimilation," but this approach did not suit the specific reality of China. Influenced by the trend of cosmopolitanism, history textbooks expressed China's aspirations to actively integrate into the world. Under the Nanjing Nationalist Government, in response to the deepening national crisis, history textbooks broke through the limits of "Han space" and appropriately constructed the identity of the "Chinese nation," ultimately achieving a transition from a dynastic to a nation-state view.