东北黑土是我国重要的自然资源，其数量和质量直接关系到我国的生态安全和粮食安全。东北黑土区存在土壤侵蚀问题，土壤侵蚀并正危害黑土资源的数量和质量。浅沟侵蚀作为土壤侵蚀的一种重要类型，在东北黑土区也存在。查明东北黑土区浅沟侵蚀规律，有助于评估其危害程度和制定有效的水土保持措施。研究选取位于东北黑土区北部的鹤北小流域（面积约28 km2）作为研究区，进行了4年的监测，监测指标包括：浅沟位置、浅沟形态特征、土地利用、地形、土壤等。在此基础上，对东北黑土区的浅沟形态特征、浅沟侵蚀的空间分布和时间分布、浅沟侵蚀产沙贡献率、浅沟侵蚀对土壤属性的影响、不同地形数据对浅沟位置的预报能力进行了分析。研究主要结论如下：浅沟密度为1.1 km/km2•a，浅沟平均长度、平均宽度、平均深度、平均横截面积、平均宽深比和平均纵比降分别为165 m、96 cm、12.3 cm、0.13 m2、10和2.6°。存在两种浅沟类型：由春季融雪引起的融雪浅沟和由降雨引起的降雨浅沟。融雪浅沟的数量和总长度约为降雨浅沟的2倍，总体体积、平均长度和平均深度约与降雨浅沟基本一致，平均宽度和横截面积约为降雨浅沟的0.5倍，宽深比约为降雨浅沟的0.6倍。浅沟形态沿浅沟存在变化。一般地，浅沟下部的宽度和深度最大。各种作物、各种起垄方式的地块中均有浅沟分布。其中，水飞蓟地块和大豆地块的浅沟密度最大，平播地块的融雪浅沟密度最大，小垄地块的降雨浅沟密度最大。全部浅沟都发生在横坡耕作或近似横坡耕作的地块中。浅沟主要分布在坡中和坡下，仅有10%分布在坡上。浅沟主要分布在地面坡度为2°—3°地区。虽然研究区地面坡度普遍小于5°，但地面坡度相对较大的地区（大于3°的地区）仍然是浅沟密度最大的地区。浅沟沟头平均临界坡度、平均临界坡长、平均临界汇水面积分别为2.6°、297 m和5.8 ha，分别是黄土高原浅沟的0.14倍、7.4倍和83倍。浅沟沟头汇水面积和地面坡度呈正相关关系，但相关关系很差（决定系数为0.06）。浅沟侵蚀存在显著的年际差异。2009年和2011年既出现了融雪浅沟，也出现了降雨浅沟。2010年只出现了融雪浅沟，未出现降雨浅沟。2012年既未出现融雪浅沟，也未出现降雨浅沟。2009年1年的浅沟侵蚀量占了4年浅沟侵蚀总量的69%。融雪浅沟侵蚀速率与积雪期降水量正相关关系（决定系数为0.48）。降雨浅沟侵蚀速率与年降雨量存在正相关关系（决定系数为0.30）。浅沟侵蚀速率不仅取决与年降雨量，还取决于降雨的季节分配及地表覆盖情况。发生在苗床期、成苗期和发育期（4月下旬到7月下旬）的降雨，比较容易引发浅沟侵蚀。相反地，发生在成熟期和残茬期（8月上旬—10月上旬）的降雨，比较难以引发浅沟侵蚀。浅沟侵蚀速率为0.14 mm/a，略大于切沟侵蚀速率（0.10 mm/a）。但小于其他学者报道的片状侵蚀和细沟侵蚀速率（约2 mm/a）。浅沟不是东北黑土区的主要泥沙源。浅沟侵蚀却引起了土壤厚度和土壤机械组成在一定区域的变化。浅沟沟口下方土壤厚度和土壤砂粒含量也明显增大。浅沟处的土壤厚度减小，土壤砂粒含量在局部增大。如果浅沟侵蚀已经引发切沟侵蚀和填沟活动，则浅沟处的土壤厚度可能会反而增大，而浅沟两侧一定范围内的的土壤厚度会减小，土壤砂粒含量会增大。然而，就整个集水区尺度而言，浅沟侵蚀尚未引起土壤厚度和土壤机械组成平均值的显著变化。1：10000地形图和差分GPS地形数据能识别出约60%的浅沟洼地，能沟预报一部分浅沟的位置。

The black soil in northeast is an important resource of our nation, whose quantity and quality is vital to the national ecology safety and national food safety. However, the black soil region (BSR) is enduring severe soil erosion and the soil erosion problem has become a threat to the quantity and quality of the black soil. Ephemeral gully, which is a type of soil erosion, also existed in the BSR. The understanding of the law of ephemeral gully erosion is helpful to evaluate its impact and to design the effective soil conservation practice. This study selected the Hebei watershed (area about 28 km2) as the study area and a four year survey was carried out on ephemeral gully location, ephemeral gully morphology, land use, topography and soil. Based on the survey, ephemeral gully morphologic characteristics, spatial distribution, temporal change and sediment contribution ratio was analyzed. The main results are as following:The ephemeral gully density was 1.1 km/km2. The mean length, mean width, mean depth, mean cross-section area, mean width-depth ratio and longitudinal slope was 165 m, 96 cm, 12.3 cm, 0.13 m2, 10 m and 2.6°, respectively. Two type of ephemeral gully erosion was found. The first type was snow-melt ephemeral gully, which was induced by the snow-melt runoff in the spring season. The second type was rainfall ephemeral gully, which was induced by the rainfall runoff. The number and total length of the snow-melt ephemeral gully was as twice as the rainfall ephemeral gully’s. The mean total volume, mean length and mean depth of the snow-melt ephemeral gullies was similar to the rainfall ephemeral gullies’. The mean width and mean cross-section area of the snow-melt ephemeral gullies was 0.5 times of the rainfall ephemeral gullies’. The width-depth ratio of the snow-melt ephemeral gullies was 0.6 times of the rainfall ephemeral gullies’. The morphologic characteristics changed along the ephemeral gully channel. Generally, ephemeral gullies were widest and deepest in the lower segment.Ephemeral gully distributed in the parcels with types of crops and with all types ridge systems. Among parcels different with types of crop, the Holy Thistle and soybean has the largest ephemeral gully density. Among the parcels different with types of ridge systems, the no-ridge system has largest snow-melt ephemeral gully density and the small-ridge system has the largest rainfall ephemeral gully density.Ephemeral gullies mainly distributed on the middle slope and lower slope, with only about 10% of them distributed on the upper slope. The ephemeral gully density is still more serious on the relatively steeper area, although the mean slope gradient of the study is smaller than 5°. The mean value of slope gradient, slope length and drainage area of ephemeral gully headcut was 2.6°, 297 m and 5.8 ha, respectively. These were 0.14, 7.4 and 83 times of the corresponding values of the ephemeral gullies in the Loess plateau. Positive correlation was found between the drainage areas and slope gradients of the ephemeral gullies (R2=0.06). Ephemeral gully erosion rates showed prominent yearly changes. Both snow-melt ephemeral gullies and rainfall gullies happened in the year of 2009 and 2011. Snow-melt ephemeral gullies happened in the year of 2010, but no rainfall ephemeral gullies happened that year. Neither snow-melt ephemeral gullies nor rainfall ephemeral gullies happened in the year of 2012. The ephemeral gully erosion rate of the single year of 2009 was 69% of the total value of the four years’. Positive correlation was found between the yearly snow-melt ephemeral gully erosion rate and the yearly precipitation amount during the snow cover period (R2=0.48). Positive correlation was also found between the yearly rainfall ephemeral gully erosion rate and the yearly rainfall amount (R2=0.30). Ephemeral gully erosion rate was not only correlated to the rainfall mount, but also correlated to the seasonal distribution of it. In the seedbed, establishment and development period of the crops, which correspond to late April and late July, even a smaller and less intensive rainfall can induce ephemeral gully erosion. On the other hand, in the maturing and residue and stubble period, which correspond to early August to April and early October, even a larger and more intensive rainfall cannot induce ephemeral gully erosion.The erosion rate of snow-melt ephemeral gullies, rainfall ephemeral gullies and total ephemeral gullies was 0.06 mm/a, 0.07 mm/a and 0.14 mm/a, respectively. The erosion rate of ephemeral gullies was bigger than that of classical gully, but smaller than that of sheet erosion and rill erosion combined. Ephemeral gullies were not the main source of sediment yield.As induced by ephememeral gully erosion, the soil depth and sand content changed in certain area. In the deposition area near the ephemeral gully mouth, the soil depth decreased and the content of sand increased. In the ephemeral gully area, the soil depth decreased and the content of sand increased. In the area where ephemeral gully had induced gully erosion and gully filling activities, the soil depth increased, while the soil depth decreased and content of sand increased its adjacent area. However, in the scale of whole drainaged area, the changed of soil depth and sand content induced by ephemeral gully erosion was not significant so far.The national 1:10000 scale topography data and differential GPS topography data can identify about 60% of the swales enduring ephemeral gully erosion.