地表水体为人类社会提供生活和生产用水，同时也是水循环的重要环节，在气候调节和维持生物生命方面发挥不可或缺的作用。然而，近几十年来随着全球变暖、极端气象事件频发和水电开发工程的日益繁荣，相当大比例的地表水经历了前所未有的剧烈变化，厘清地表水变化的体量和规律对水资源的合理分配具有重要意义，除此之外，全面评估水电工程在创建脱碳能源系统中发挥的作用之外对自然条件下的水循环造成的潜在的负面生态影响对水资源的可持续利用政策具有指导意义。

随着卫星技术的不断发展，遥感凭借其高时空分辨率的特点已经成为监测地表水变化和水库大坝建设的高效手段，遥感影像驱动的地表水和水库大坝数据集也得到了不断地完善和发展。本研究结合较为完备的地表水数据集和大坝数据集，识别并创建了1987-2020年中国内陆的人工水体数据库，分自然水体和人工水体两类对三十余年来中国内陆地表水体变化和时空变化规律及其驱动因素进行了分析，研究结果表明中国内陆自然水体和人工水体面积均呈增长趋势，一些东部流域的人工水体面积的变化占总水体面积变化的50%以上，这进一步强调了大坝建设对水体面积变化的显著影响。

为进一步对水库修建的对水体面积的自然季节性变化规律的影响及其产生的生态效益进行探究，本研究克服了遥感影像质量对月度水体面积序列获取带来的阻碍，使用水增强算法对水域内的污染区域进行逐像素修正，构建了1988-2018年中国内陆4863个水库的月面积序列，基于此数据分析了三十年来中国内陆湖泊和水库的面积的季节变化趋势和空间分布格局，并以长江流域为例对自然湖泊、受控湖泊和水库三类水体面积的季节变化模式及其驱动因素进行了对比探究；同时使用改进后的结合彭曼公式和平衡水温的水体蒸发率方法计算1988-2018年中国内陆4863个水库的蒸发率和蒸发量，并对其时空变化趋势进行了分析，以量化水库修建在增加额外地表水蒸发量上方面的生态效益。结果表明，中国内陆湖泊和水库的总面积呈相似的先上升后下降的季节变化模式，水库不仅会影响甚至在某些流域逆转了自然湖泊面积的季节变化模式，并且造成了212.98亿立方米（2018年）的额外地表水蒸发量。

研究结果为理解过去三十余年来中国内陆水体变化和大坝水库修建的影响提供了详细的概述，为未来水资源的可持续利用和合理规划提供了科学参考。

Surface water bodies provide human society with water for living and production, and are also an important link in the water cycle, playing an indispensable role in climate regulation and sustaining biological life. However, in recent decades, with global warming, frequent occurrence of extreme meteorological events and increasing prosperity of hydropower development projects, a significant proportion of surface water has experienced unprecedented and drastic changes in this context, and clarifying the volume and pattern of changes in surface water helps to rationalize the allocation of water resources. A comprehensive assessment of the potential negative ecological impacts on the water cycle under natural conditions beyond the role played by hydropower projects in human-regulated water bodies in the creation of decarbonized energy systems is instructive for policies on the sustainable use of water resources.

With the continuous development of satellite technology, remote sensing, with its high spatial and temporal resolution, has become an efficient means of monitoring surface water changes and reservoir dam construction, and remote sensing image-driven surface water and reservoir dam datasets have been continuously improved and developed. In this study, we identified and created a database of artificial water bodies in China's inland from 1987 to 2020 by combining more complete surface water datasets and dam datasets, and analyzed the spatial-temporal change rules of surface water bodies and their driving factors over the past 30 years in China's inland in terms of natural and artificial water bodies, and the results showed that the areas of natural and artificial water bodies in inland China have shown an increasing trend, and the artificial water bodies in some eastern watersheds have increased in size. The results show that the area of both natural and artificial water bodies in China's inland has been increasing, and that changes in the area of artificial water bodies in some eastern watersheds accounted for more than 50% of the total change in the area of water bodies, which further emphasizes the significant impact of dam construction on the change in the area of water bodies.

In order to further investigate the impact of reservoir construction on the natural seasonal change pattern of water body area and the ecological benefits it produces, this study overcame the obstacles posed by the quality of remote sensing imagery to the acquisition of monthly water body area sequences, and constructed the monthly area sequences of 4863 reservoirs in inland China from 1988 to 2018 by using the water enhancement algorithm to correct the contaminated areas in the waters pixel by pixel, based on which the monthly area sequences of 4863 reservoirs in inland China were analyzed over the past three decades. The data analyzed the seasonal trends and spatial distribution patterns of the areas of inland lakes and reservoirs in China over the past three decades, and used the Yangtze River Basin as an example to comparatively explore the seasonal change patterns of the areas of the three types of water bodies, namely, natural lakes, controlled lakes, and reservoirs, as well as their drivers; meanwhile, we used the improved evaporation rate of water bodies method combining Penman's formula and equilibrium water temperature to calculate the evaporation rates of 4863 reservoirs in inland China from 1988 to 2018, and analyzed their spatial and temporal trends to quantify the ecological benefits of reservoir construction in terms of increasing additional surface water evaporation. The results show that the total area of lakes and reservoirs in inland China shows a similar seasonal pattern of increasing and then decreasing, and that reservoirs not only affect and even reverse the seasonal pattern of natural lake area in some basins, but also contribute to 21298 million m³ (2018) of additional surface water evaporation.

The results of the study provide a detailed overview for understanding the changes in China's inland water bodies and the impacts of dam and reservoir construction over the past three decades, and provide a scientific reference for the sustainable use and rational planning of water resources in the future.