时间压力一直是组织行为领域和工作压力领域的热点研究话题，而工作主动性行为中的个人主动性行为则是颇受企业界关注的一种亲组织行为，因此企业员工每日经历的时间压力会如何影响他们做出个人主动性行为值得进行探讨，基于自我损耗理论，本研究认为员工对工作任务的认知评价将会是联系二者的重要机制，并建议同时考虑时间压力由于损耗个体的自我控制资源而对员工的挑战性评价和阻碍性评价产生的双向影响作用，另外，员工的正念和心理安全感将分别会在这一机制中发挥调节作用。

本研究采用体验抽样法，从河北省保定市、张家口市的邮政集团、电力公司等企业招募了120名员工，对他们进行了为期10个工作日的追踪式问卷调研，测量了他们在日常水平上的时间压力、挑战性和阻碍性评价、个人主动性行为水平等等，并使用Mplus7.3、HLM7.0等软件对实验数据进行了分析。

我们的研究结果表明，在日常水平上：（1）时间压力对员工的个人主动性行为具有总体的正向影响；（2）员工对工作任务的挑战性评价在时间压力和个人主动性行为之间发挥中介作用；（3）员工的正念在时间压力和挑战性评价之间发挥调节作用，具体来说，员工的正念水平越强，时间压力和挑战性评价之间的正相关关系就越强。另外，员工对工作任务的阻碍性评价和个人主动性行为之间的负相关关系没有得到验证；员工对工作任务的阻碍性评价在时间压力和个人主动性行为之间的中介作用没有得到验证；员工的心理安全感在挑战性—阻碍性评价和个人主动性行为之间的调节作用没有得到验证。

本研究从自我损耗理论的新视角说明，管理学界和企业界应当重视时间压力的双重影响，通过合理管理时间压力发扬它的积极激励效应，同时避免它可能对员工造成的资源损耗；另外，本研究验证了正念对自我损耗效应的补偿作用，可见未来企业界应更加重视对正念培训的开发和应用。

Time pressure has always been a hot research topic in the field of organizational behavior and work pressure, and personal initiative behavior, one of proactive work behaviors, is a kind of pro-organizational behavior that attracts the attention of enterprises, therefore, it is worth discussing how the time pressure that employees experience every day affects their personal initiative behavior. According to self depletion theory, this study suggests that employees' cognitive appraisal of work tasks will be an important mechanism to link the two, and suggests that the two-way impact of time pressure on employees’ challenge appraisal and hindrance appraisal due to the loss of individual self-control resources should be considered at the same time. In addition, employees’ mindfulness and psychological safety will play a regulatory role in this mechanism respectively.

In this study, 120 employees were recruited from Baoding City and Zhangjiakou City of Hebei Province by experience sampling method. They were investigated by a two-week, 10 working day follow-up questionnaire. Their time pressure, challenge and hindrance appraisal, personal initiative behavior level and so on in daily level were measured. The results were verified by Mplus7.3, HLM7.0 and other softwares. The empirical data were analyzed by confirmatory factor analysis, descriptive statistical analysis, correlation analysis, mediating effect test and moderating effect test.

Our results show that, at the daily level, (1) time pressure has an overall positive impact on employees' personal initiative behavior; (2) employees' challenge appraisal of work tasks plays a mediating role between time pressure and personal initiative behavior; (3) employee’s mindfulness plays a moderating role between time pressure and challenge appraisal, specifically, the stronger the level of mindfulness, the stronger the positive correlation between time pressure and challenge appraisal. In addition, the mediating role of employees’ hindrance appraisal of work tasks between time pressure and personal initiative behavior has not been verified, and the moderating role of employees' psychological safety between challenge appraisal and personal initiative behavior has not been verified, too.

From the new perspective of self depletion theory, this study shows that the management academia and the business community should pay attention to the dual impact of time pressure, develop its positive incentive effect through reasonable management, and avoid employees’ resource loss caused by it; this study also verifies the compensation effect of mindfulness on self depletion effect, which shows that the business community should pay attention to the training of mindfulness in the future to improve employee performance and organizational performance.