大谷光瑞（1876-1948），法号净如，日本净土真宗西本愿寺派第22任法主，近代佛教家、探险家、大正天皇连襟。他精通多种语言文字，在宗教学、历史学、农学、教育学、地理学等诸多领域有广泛涉猎和研究，并与日本皇室、内阁、宗教界、军界、政界、学界、间谍界有着十分密切的关系。大谷光瑞一生紧随日本“开国进取”的步伐，被日本人誉为“亚洲的行者”“兴亚的智囊”“英雄僧”等，甚至还被列入日本“现代先觉者”的行列。

长期以来，中外学界特别是日本学界对大谷光瑞的研究取得了比较丰硕的成果。但总体上仍以材料、考证和个案研究为主，缺少宏观的学科统筹与体系建构，加之历史观等问题的影响，导致未能较为合理地将该领域的外部关系研究与内部思想凝练，微观层面的具体研究与宏观层面的总体把握，材料梳理与理论提升，客观事实与主观定性有机结合起来。鉴于此，本论文将以汉学、东洋学、文学三大学科为切入点，同时兼及“亚细亚主义”、侵华史等思潮和历史背景，站在中国人的学术立场上，对大谷光瑞进行比较全面而立体的把握、辨析和考察研究。

众所周知，日本汉学早在江户时代已经与“兰学（代表西学）”“国学（日本本国的学问）”三足鼎立，相关学者的汉学研究沿用中国传统的学术方法，基本上对中国采取“平视”甚至“仰视”的态度，以期学习和借鉴中国。与汉学不同的是，东洋学将日本人的历史认识和现实需求相结合，在学术方法上受西方的东方学影响，更多地强调并凸显日本人的立场，其目的在于证明东洋的中心已经由中国转移到日本，日本应该担任“东洋盟主”。因此，对中国的态度也开始变为“轻视”甚至“蔑视”，进而在日本近代亚细亚主义思潮的影响下，密切服务于对外扩张的国策，具有比较明显的国家主义性质。这样一来，汉学—东洋学—亚细亚主义—侵略扩张之间，就构成了学科—思想—实践的互动和循环。此外，大谷光瑞的探险活动与“开国进取”之举，也为日本人的大陆想象提供了巨大空间，成为日本文人创作和书写的对象。

按照上述逻辑，本论文将以大谷光瑞为中心，采用文史互证、比较研究、区域整合与体系建构等方法，从汉学、东洋学、文学、亚细亚主义、侵华史等几个角度入手进行论述。其中，大谷光瑞的汉学，即汉诗创作、古陶瓷研究和《孙子新注》等相关研究、创作，虽然或多或少地包含他的政治野心乃至扩张意图，但基本上仍对中国的文化经典本身保持欣赏的态度。这种看似矛盾的地方，也符合明治维新以后，尤其是甲午战争之后汉学逐渐被东洋学所取代的过渡性特征。然而从东洋学的角度来看，本论文所讨论的大谷探险队“探险”活动在其学术价值之外，则无疑带有一定的政治乃至军事目的；其“东洋经略”与中国国民性研究，将相关周边区域、国家和民族纳入视野，打破了中国一国的视域，并以此来服务扩张，鼓吹侵略。大谷光瑞相关的东洋学研究、活动，与亚细亚主义思潮的萌芽、产生及其“理论变种”，包括农本主义、教育“兴亚”、“佛教亚细亚主义”等互为表里，相互补充，最终成为其对外侵略，主要是对华侵略的利器。当然，大谷光瑞的对华渗透、侵略以台湾、上海等地作为主要支撑，以点为据，点、线、面层层推进。

此外，本论文中的文学部分，借助传记、小说两种不同的文本，通过考察研究日本文人学者、小说家的大谷光瑞书写，以期揭示大谷光瑞在日本人“雄飞大陆”乃至精神塑造中所起到的特殊作用。同时，辨析、评论相关作品中所隐含的某些右翼史观，呈现近百年来日本人历史观、英雄观的继承与变化。

本论文力求客观，即在承认大谷光瑞学术活动、探险活动的某些积极因素的同时，剖析其“雄飞海外”的深层目的，同时也不因为其协力侵略的立场而全面否定其相关研究、活动客观上存在的某些学术意义。总而言之，本论文通过对大谷光瑞这一复杂历史人物的研究，可以以小见大，进而管窥近代日本人的总体立场、思想脉络和活动轨迹。

 Kozui Otani (1876-1948), monastic name Jingru, the 22nd lord of the Japanese Pure Land Shinshu Nishi Honganji Temple, modern Buddhist, explorer, was also an in-law of Emperor Taisho. Proficient in multiple languages, he covered and researched extensively across various fields, such as religion, history, agriculture, education, geography, etc., And enjoyed close relationship with the Japanese royal family, the Japanese cabinet and among religious, military, political, academic, and emissary circles. Throughout his life, Kozui Otani followed closely the "founding the country and striving forward" mentality of Japan, and has since been praised by the Japanese people as "the Asian traveler", “a think-tank for Asian rejuvenation", "the hero monk" etc., and even included in the ranks of Japan's "modern forerunners".  

For long, research on Kozui Otani in Chinese and foreign academia, especially the Japanese academia, has been fruitful. However, in general, it is still regretfully dominated by material, research and case studies. The lack of macro-disciplinary coordination and system construction, coupled with the impact of historical issues, has resulted in the failure to reasonably condense external relational research with internal thinking, carry out specific researches at micro-levels and overall integration at macro-levels, efficient combing through materials and theoretical improvement, and organically combine objective facts with subjective qualitative judgment. In view of this, this thesis will take the triple disciplines of Sinology, Oriental Studies, and Literature as the starting point, and at the same time take into account the ideological trends and historical backgrounds of "Asianism" and " history of invasion of China" to carry out more comprehensive and multidimensional grasp, analysis and investigation of  Kozui Otani from the standpoint of the Chinese academia.

As is known to all, Sinology had been three-legged with the "Lan Studies (representing Western Studies)" and "Local Studies (Japanese native learning)" since as early as the Edo period. Related scholars followed the traditional Chinese academic methodology and basically adopted a "level view" towards China, even with an attitude of "looking up" to learn from China. Different from Sinology, Oriental Studies combines Japanese historical knowledge and practical needs, and has been influenced by Western Orientalism in its methodology. It emphasizes and highlights the Japanese position more. Its purpose is to prove that the center of the Oriental has been shifted from China to Japan and that Japan should assume the role of "the Leader of the Oriental Alliance." Therefore, attitude towards China has also begun to shift toward "disdain" or even "contempt". Under the influence of the modern ideological trend of "Asianism" in Japan, it has been made to closely serve the national policy of external expansion, which has a more obvious nationalist nature. In this way, Sinology - Oriental Studies - Asianism - aggression and expansion constituted an interactive cycle of discipline - ideology - practice. In addition, Kozui Otani ’s expeditions and his "founding the country and striving forward"initiative also provided a huge space for Japanese imagination on the Asian continent and became an object of literary creation for Japanese writers.

Based on the above analysis, this thesis will be centered around Kozui Otani, using methods such as mutual verification between literature and historical facts, comparative research, regional integration and system construction, and using several angles such as Sinology, Oriental Studies, literature, Asianism, and the history of invasion of China as starting points. Among them, Kozui Otani ’s Sinology, that is, related research and creation such as his Chinese poetry writing, ancient ceramics research, and his book Sun Tzu with New Notes, though more or less contains his political ambition and even expansionist intentions, still maintains an appreciative attitude towards Chinese cultural classics. This seemingly contradictory quality is also in line with the transitional characteristics of Sinology being gradually replaced by Oriental Studies since the Meiji Restoration, especially after the Sino-Japanese War of 1894-1895. However, from the perspective of Oriental Studies, the "expedition" activities of Kozui Otani’s expedition team discussed in this thesis, beyond its academic value, undoubtedly have certain political and even military purposes; his “Oriental Economic Strategy" and his study of Chinese national character etc., brought relevant surrounding regions, countries, and nationalities into the field of vision, breaking China’s conception of a unified nation so as to serve and advocate aggression. Kozui Otani’s research and activities related to Oriental Studies were closely knitted and mutually complementary to the budding and emergence of the ideological trend of Asianism and its "theoretical variants", including physiocracy, "Asian Rejuvenation" through education and "Buddhist Asianism", and eventually became a weapon of aggression against foreign countries, mainly Japan’s aggression against China. Of course, that infiltration and aggression against China started in places such as Taiwan and Shanghai, with these locations as coordinating points, advancing from points to lines and lines to planes.

In addition, the literary part of this thesis uses two different genres of text, i.e. biography and novel, to study the Kozui Otani writings of Japanese writers, scholars, and novelists, so as to reveal Kozui Otani’s special role in the Japanese "soaring on the continent mentality" and even their spiritual shaping. Meanwhile, the thesis also identifies and comments on certain right-wing historical views implied in his related works, presenting the inheritance and change of the Japanese historical and heroic views over the past century.

This thesis strives to be objective, that is, while acknowledging certain positive factors of Kozui Otani’s academic activities and expeditions, it analyzes the deep-rooted purposes of his "soaring overseas" initiative, and at the same time does not completely deny the significance of some of his researches and activities merely due to his position of supporting aggression. All in all, this thesis probes into a complex historical figure Kozui Otani so as to take a closer look at the overall position, ideological context and trajectory of action of modern Japanese.