数字化社会的发展和现代技术的进步正在造就自然人类文明向技术文明过渡和转化的大变局，技术与人之间的关系问题得以凸显并逐渐成为学界重点关注的话题。数字技术时代成为法国哲学家贝尔纳·斯蒂格勒关怀社会和探索实践的主要语境，他在此语境下创建了独特的技术思想。斯蒂格勒的思想体系具有两种视角：一是“人”(human)的视角，即集体的视角，二是个体(individual)的视角。这两种视角交互出现在他的哲学立场和政治经济学立场之中，并通过一般器官学这一广义视野实现立场间的连接，完成从理论到实践的过渡。具体而言，“人”的视角侧重从哲学层面研究人与技术的关系，主要体现在人类学和神话学部分，相对而言较为抽象。个体视角则集中于社会批判层面，更侧重技术意识形态的逻辑批判，从个体境遇入手观照集体境遇，思考当下人类的前途命运，与现实生活联系更为紧密。

斯蒂格勒在继承马克思唯物史观上对两个重要的概念进行了再界定：（1）无产阶级(proletariat)。此概念不再局限于马克思主义中的阶级构成，而是泛指社会中一切无法正常运用知识的人。在数字技术时代中，无产阶级就是人的别称，每个个体都被囊括其中。（2）无产阶级化(proletarianization，又称废人化)。此概念用以描述一种普遍的人类处境，展现了当下人人均受剥夺的一种状态。在这种状态下，人们的生物系统丧失组织工作、生活和思考的能力，人被内在地掏空。在斯蒂格勒笔下，人与无产阶级是等同的，探讨无产阶级的解放就是探讨人的解放。

斯蒂格勒给这个时代冠以不同称谓，以凸显技术在社会中举足轻重的地位。他认为应当抛弃将技术作为边缘的传统哲学思路，重读马克思的历史唯物主义。于是斯蒂格勒将技术作为自身理论的出发点，赋予技术构成性的意义。这种技术化构成催生了人与技术之间交错动态的新型关系，解释了技术与人的本质、进化的动力等核心问题。在此基础上一般器官学得以诞生，个体、技术与社会的相互作用均被囊括其中。这种广义的生命视野使斯蒂格勒从对哲学的思考过渡至对社会的批判，他积极践行技术药理学(techno-pharmacology)，对技术进行诊断，并探索无产阶级的解放和当代数字技术世界发展的可能。

总体而言，本文主要阐述斯蒂格勒的技术思想，重点诠释其对人与技术关系的建构和对无产阶级（即人）解放路径的探寻。同时将其理论置于历史唯物主义视域中，分析斯蒂格勒对马克思唯物史观的继承和创新之处，最终进行客观的评价。在数字技术时代的现实语境中，斯蒂格勒针对人与技术主客体关系日趋交融化和复杂化这一亟待解决的问题进行思考和创新，他试图提出具有反思性和可行性的解决方案。斯蒂格勒的忧思与尝试深刻地反映了他对个体挣脱技术枷锁，克服技术恐惧的殷切期待，他希望人们能够转变思路，主动投身于更为开阔的新世纪和新征程之中。

The evolution of digital society and the advancement of modern technology are ushering in a significant transition from natural human civilization to technological civilization, highlighting the relationship between technology and humanity, which has gradually become a focal topic in academic circles. The digital technology era serves as the primary context for French philosopher Bernard Stiegler's concern for society and exploration of practice, within which he has created a unique technological ideology. Stiegler's ideological system encompasses two perspectives: the "human" perspective, which is a collective one, and the individual perspective. These two perspectives interact in his philosophical and political economic positions, and are connected through the generalized perspective of general organology, achieving a transition from theory to practice. Specifically, the "human" perspective focuses on studying the relationship between humans and technology from a philosophical level, primarily manifesting in anthropology and mythology, and is relatively abstract. The individual perspective, on the other hand, concentrates on social criticism, emphasizing logical criticism of technological ideology. It examines the collective situation from the perspective of individual circumstances, reflecting on the future and fate of humanity, and is more closely connected to real life.

Stiegler redefines two important concepts in his inheritance of Marxist historical materialism: (1) The proletariat. This concept is no longer limited to the class composition in Marxism, but refers generally to all individuals in society who cannot normally utilize knowledge. In the digital technology era, the proletariat is synonymous with humanity, encompassing every individual. (2) Proletarianization. This concept describes a universal human situation, revealing a state of deprivation faced by everyone. In this state, people's biological systems lose the ability to organize work, life, and thought, resulting in an internal emptiness. Under Stiegler's pen, humans and the proletariat are equivalent, and discussing the liberation of the proletariat is tantamount to discussing the liberation of humanity.

Stiegler labels this era with different appellations to emphasize the pivotal role of technology in society. He believes that traditional philosophical approaches that marginalize technology should be discarded, and Marx's historical materialism should be reinterpreted. Therefore, Stiegler takes technology as the starting point of his theory, giving it constitutive significance. This technological constitution has fostered a new, intertwined, and dynamic relationship between humans and technology, explaining core issues such as the essence of technology and humanity, and the driving force of evolution. On this basis, general organology emerges, encompassing the interactions between individuals, technology, and society. This generalized life perspective enables Stiegler to transition from philosophical thinking to social criticism, actively practicing technological pharmacology, diagnosing technology, and exploring the liberation of the proletariat and the possible development of the contemporary digital technology world.

Overall, this article primarily elaborates on Stiegler's technological ideology, focusing on interpreting his construction of the relationship between humans and technology and his exploration of the liberation path for the proletariat (i.e., humanity). Simultaneously, it places his theory in the context of historical materialism, analyzing Stiegler's inheritance and innovations of Marxist historical materialism, ultimately conducting an objective evaluation. In the realistic context of the digital technology era, Stiegler considers and innovates on the urgent issue of the increasingly integrated and complex relationship between humans and technology as subjects and objects. He attempts to propose reflective and feasible solutions. Stiegler's concerns and attempts profoundly reflect his earnest expectations for individuals to break free from technological shackles and overcome technological fears, hoping that people can change their mindset and actively embark on a broader new century and new journey.