劳动力市场上的性别不平等是劳动经济学领域的重要研究议题，母职惩罚理论被认为是可以解释两性劳动力市场差异最主要的原因之一。本文基于2010至2020年的六期中国家庭追踪调查数据，从劳动供给和主观感受两个方面测算已婚女性的母职惩罚，即生育前后劳动供给和主观感受的整体差异，并利用事件分析法描述生育前后劳动供给的动态变化。实证结果表明，女性生育前后的劳动供给状况存在显著差异，而主观感受未发生显著变化。此外，在劳动供给方面，母职惩罚在不同女性群体之间存在异质性，受教育程度较低、亲自照料儿童和年龄较小的女性受到的母职惩罚更大。本文还以家务时间为机制变量进行机制检验，为家庭制约论提供了实证证据。基于上述结论，给出相应的建议，包括完善公共托幼服务体系，提高女性就业保障水平，促进家庭内部分工平等。

Gender inequality in the labor market is an important research topic in the field of labor economics, and the motherhood penalty theory is considered one of the main reasons explaining the differences between male and female labor market outcomes. This study utilizes data from six waves of the China Family Panel Studies conducted between 2010 and 2020. Employing event study, estimate the overall differences and dynamic changes in labor supply and subjective perceptions of married women's motherhood penalty, both in terms of labor supply before and after childbirth, and changes in subjective perceptions. The empirical results indicate significant differences in labor supply before and after childbirth for women, but no significant changes in subjective perceptions. Furthermore, there is heterogeneity in the motherhood penalty across different groups of women in terms of labor supply. Women with lower education levels, personally caring for children, and those born later experience a larger motherhood penalty. This paper also employs household chores as a mechanism variable to test the family constraint theory, providing empirical evidence. Based on these findings, provide corresponding recommendations, including promoting equal division of household labor, improving job security for women, and enhancing public childcare services.