代课教师群体是一个矛盾的存在，一方面，它随着社会对教师的需要而产生，在一定程度上促进了农村教育的发展；另一方面，其自身存在的一些问题，又在某种意义上阻碍了农村教育的发展。代课教师问题的解决要以了解代课教师的职业生存现状为基础，那么农村小学代课教师的职业生存现状究竟是何种状态呢？通过对相关文献的分析和笔者个人求学经历的思考，笔者发现代课教师的生存现状存在着许多问题，但是现阶段对代课教师的研究多是从宏观角度入手，未能深入到代课教师的真实生活。因此，笔者希望通过个案研究深入了解农村小学代课教师的职业生存状况，并在此基础上进一步探索影响代课教师职业生存的因素，以期为农村小学代课教师问题的解决提供合理性建议。 本研究选取河北省邢台市某小学的三位代课教师作为研究对象，在详细了解该小学所在地区和学校基本情况后，着重对代课教师的产生背景、社会待遇、工作状态及影响因素等进行了比较广泛、深入地调查。研究发现，农村小学代课教师产生的原因并不单一，国家政策、区域经济发展水平、学校发展需求以及代课教师个人因素等对农村小学代课教师的产生都有一定的影响。同时，代课教师还面临着工资待遇低下、自我身份认同感较低、工作状态消极、专业发展受限等一系列问题。 代课教师之所以存在这样的问题，一是因为国家的财政支持力度不够，没有足够的资金来解决代课教师的问题；二是相关政策不够完善，缺乏对代课教师进行科学化管理的依据；三是学校承担的责任不够，无法满足代课教师的发展需求；四是教师个人因素阻碍了自身的专业发展。 针对这些问题，本研究从个人、学校、国家、社会等方面分别提出了建议，为代课教师问题的妥善解决提供了一定的思路。

The group of substitute teachers is a contradictory existence. On the one hand, it appears with the needs of the society for teachers,They promoted the development of rural education in China. On the other hand, they also have some problems and hinders the development of rural education in a sense. The solution to the problem of substitute teachers should be based on the understanding of the status of professional survival of substitute teachers. So what is the status of professional survival of substitute teachers in rural primary schools? Through the analysis of relevant literatures and the author's personal experience of studying, the author finds that there are many problems in the current living situation of substitute teachers. But at this stage, the researches on substitute teachers are mostly from the macro perspective, and can not go deep into the real life of substitute teachers. So the author hopes to deeply understand the professional survival of substitute teachers in rural primary schools through the case study, and ,on this basis, further explore the factors that affect the professional survival of substitute teachers, in order to provide reasonable suggestions for the professional development of substitute teachers in rural primary schools. In this study, three substitute teachers from a primary school in Xingtai City, Hebei Province, were selected as the object of study. After a detailed investigation of the basic situation of the selected school and the area in which the primary school is located, the background of substitute teachers’ appearing, social treatment, the working condition and influencing factors have been investigated extensively and deeply. It is found that the problems of substitute teachers are complicated. The national policy, the level of economic development, the demand for school development，family factors and the individual factors all have impacts on the generation of substitute teachers in rural primary schools. Moreover, substitute teachers also face the problems of low salary, low identity, heavy workload, limited professional development and so on. The reason why substitute teachers have such problems is that the financial support is insufficient and there are not enough funds to solve the problems of substitute teachers. Second, the relevant policies are not perfect and the basis for scientific management of substitute teachers is lacking. Third, the responsibility of the school is not enough, and it can not be satisfied the development needs of substitute teachers. Fourth, teachers' personal factors hinder their own development. In view of these problems,the study puts forward some suggestions from the aspects of individual, family, school, country, society and so on, which provides some ideas for the solution of the problem of substitute teachers.