本文旨在探讨室町时代日本五山文学中钟馗形象的受容情况，揭示其“禅儒一体”的特点，并追溯这一形象形成的渊源；进一步尝试探究跨文化传播过程中，特定的文化结构如何对一个文化形象加以重新诠释和再造。

钟馗作为一个复杂多元的形象，本身即具有“文人性”与“民俗性”相交织的特性。日本中世时期，钟馗“文人性”的一面得到突出强调，使得这一时期成为日本钟馗形象受容史上颇为特殊的阶段。中世时期各类钟馗相关材料中，又以五山文学钟馗诗最为值得关注。作为汉诗文创作，五山文学中保存了大量文献与文化线索，能够清晰展现钟馗形象发生偏移的过程，而具有分析研究的价值。

所谓钟馗“文人性”的突出，首先是钟馗形象被塑造为文人官僚，同时成为文人阶层风雅创作的对象。本文考察五山文学钟馗诗发现，禅僧们的创作以中国宋代笔记中的钟馗记载为基，进一步放大了其政治身份、突出其政治责任，将钟馗塑造为“忠义两全”之士，高度政治化而颇具文人性。与此相对的则是钟馗“民俗性”的弱化，日本中世时期，无论是钟馗信仰仪式还是钟馗相关的民间习俗都鲜有记载与史料留存；而禅僧所创作的钟馗禅偈、画赞序言等作品中同样流露出对钟馗“民俗性”一面的排斥，与钟馗民俗史料的缺乏相呼应。

纵览整个日本中世时期，钟馗相关文献的都集中在室町时代中后期出现。这一时间点则是揭示其形象形成机制的关键线索。自平安末期武家幕府兴起以来，禅宗就作为与传统贵族佛教抗衡的新意识形态受到扶持；到室町时代中后期，“禅儒一体”“三教合一”几乎发展为文化阶层之共识。而极具文人性的钟馗形象正是在这一时段成型，相伴而生的还有禅僧群体中大量生产的三教论与三教图，共同佐证着室町时代特殊政治体制下“禅儒一体”“三教合一”的思想倾向。而正是这样的政治文化结构，综合导致了日本中世时期钟馗形象偏移的形成。

This paper aims to explore the reception of Zhong Kui's image in the Gozan literature of the Muromachi period in Japan. By integrating relevant historical documents and cultural backgrounds, this study analyzes the "unity of Zen and Confucianism" characteristics in the medieval Zhong Kui image, investigates its origins and transformation process in Japanese culture, and attempts to explore how the Zhong Kui image was reinterpreted and reshaped in the medieval Japanese culture.

The Zhong Kui poems in Gozan literature particularly amplify the aspect of Zhong Kui's "jinshi" (advanced scholar) identity, presenting a highly politicized and literati-ized image. In the Zhong Kui poems created by Zen monks of the Muromachi period, the "unsuccessful jinshi" has almost become a business card of Zhong Kui, and the majority of the poems mention it. However, when the Zhong Kui image was introduced to Japan, especially during the Muromachi period, its cultural attributes underwent significant changes. In Japan, the literati traits of Zhong Kui became more prominent, while the folk characteristics were relatively weakened. There is a lack of Zhong Kui belief ceremonies similar to those in China within Japanese society, and related folk customs are rarely recorded. Moreover, Zen monks of the Muromachi period had significant influence in the cultural and political spheres, and their values and creative practices profoundly affected the shaping of the Zhong Kui image.