亚洲象（Elephas maximus）是我国一类重点濒危野生保护动物，准确地评估种群大小和遗传多样性对该物种的保护具有十分重要的意义。但由于亚洲象生活于丛林中，且多在夜间出来觅食，使得传统的调查方法难以奏效。本研究采用非损伤性取样方法，并结合野外观察数据对尚勇保护区当前亚洲象种群数量进行了评估，同时对该种群的遗传多样性进行了分析。7对微卫星引物被用于对185份粪便样品进行扩增，通过基因分型，得到59个独特的基因型[Prod(biased)= 1.185e-03，Prod(unbiased)= 9.523e-04，Prod(sibs)= 4.164e-02]。实验共采用两种方法评估种群数量：聚集曲线法和分子标记重捕法，估计尚勇保护区的亚洲象种群数量为76±7.96头（95%置信区间内为67-99头）。研究也表明，尚勇保护区亚洲象种群遗传多样性水平中等偏低，与勐养种群遗传多样性水平十分相似。

Asian elephant (Elephas maximus) is first class protected species in China. Estimation of the population size and the genetic variability is crucial to the management and conservation of this species. However, Asian elephant often forages at night and dwells in dense vegetation; traditional approaches such as field observation could not successfully estimate population parameters for this species in Shangyong. Using multi locus genotyping of noninvasively collected fecal samples, the research performed a genetic survey on the Asian elephant population at Shangyong Nature Reserve, Yunnan Province of China. Population size and genetic diversity were assessed by two methods: rarefaction and capture mark re-capture. A total of 185 fecal DNA samples were amplified by 7 microsatellite primers, 59 unique genotypes were obtained [Prod(biased)= 1.185e-03, Prod(unbiased)= 9.523e-04, Prod(sibs)= 4.164e-02]. It is indicated that population size in Shangyong protected area is 76±7.96 (From 67 to 99 individuals, 95% confidence interval). A moderate level of genetic variability was observed in Shangyong population, which is similar to the level in Mengyang population.